JMA Journal

Figure 1. Overview of the potential roles of cigarette smoking in the induction of rheumatoid arthritis.
The potential contributing pathways of cigarette smoking and other environmental factors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis are shown.
lcRNA: long non-coding RNA; PADI: peptidyl alanine deiminase; PTM: post-translational modification.

Figure 2. The potential mechanism by which cigarette smoking may induce gut dysbiosis.

Figure 3. Suggested mechanisms of the induction of autoimmune rheumatic diseases by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory symdrome-coronavirus-2.

Figure 4. The potential roles of cigarette smoking in the induction of autoimmunity.
a) Implication of cigarette smoking in the induction of apparent autoimmunity.
b) Cessation of cigarette smoking may suppress the progression of autoimmune responses partly through the recovery of diversity of the microbiome.