JMA Journal

Figure 1. Estimating the treatment effect at the individual level.

Figure 2. A hypothetical example of a causal tree.
Pp: percentage point; RD: risk difference; SBP: systolic blood pressure.
This example shows only three variables in the tree, but actual trees are more complex with several variables and splits.

Figure 3. High-benefit approach vs. high-risk approach.
The data was simulated based on the findings from SPRINT. The traditional high-risk approach targets individuals in the blue dashed box, while the high-benefit approach targets individuals in the red solid box. For the scatter plot in the original study, please see Inoue et al.⁽²⁾
SPRINT: Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial.

Figure 4. High-benefit approach to optimize resource allocation and mitigate health disparities.