Table 1. Age, Prevalence of LS, and Trends of the Subscales of the GLFS-25 (Body Pain, Movement-related Difficulty, Usual Care, Social Participation, and Anxiety), Other Pain-related Rating Scales (NRS, HADS, PCS, and PSEQ), and HRQOL (EQ-5D).

From: Characteristics of Locomotive Syndrome in Japanese Patients with Chronic Pain and Results of a Path Analysis Confirming the Relevance of a Vicious Cycle Involving Locomotive Syndrome, Musculoskeletal Pain, and Its Psychological Factors

All (n = 415) Male (n = 170) Female (n = 245) p-value
Age 53.6 ± 18.1 56.2 ± 16.7 51.8 ± 18.9 0.015a
≤39 91 29 62 0.001b
40s 81 33 48 0.096b
50s 62 27 35 0.310b
60s 89 38 51 0.168b
≥70 92 43 49 0.532b
GLFS-25(+) 337 (81.2%) 136 (80.0%) 201 (82.0%) 0.601b
≤39 69 (75.8%) 24 (82.8%) 45 (72.6%) * 0.291b
40s 64 (79.0%) 26 (78.8%) 38 (79.1%) 0.967b
50s 48 (77.4%) 19 (70.4%) 29 (82.9%) 0.244b
60s 73 (82.0%) 31 (86.1%) 42 (82.3%) 0.925b
≥70 83 (90.2%) 36 (83.7%) 47 (95.9%) ** 0.077c
Total score of the GLFS-25 33 (19–49) 32.5 (18–45) 34 (20–52) 0.525d
 Body pain 8 (6–11) 8 (5–11) 8 (6–11) 0.774d
 Movement-related difficulty 3 (1–4) 3 (1–4) 2 (0–5) 0.621d
 Usual care 2 (0–6) 3 (0–6) 2 (0–6) 0.381d
 Social participation 8 (4–12) 8 (4–11) 8 (4–12) 0.331d
 Anxiety 2 (0–4) 1.5 (0–4) 2 (0–4) 0.484d
Average NRS 6 (4–7) 6 (4–7) 6 (5–7) 0.958d
HADS 16 (10–22) 16 (11–21) 16 (10–22) 0.966d
PCS 35 (27–41) 36 (27–42) 35 (27–41) 0.665d
PSEQ 26 (17–36) 26 (17–36) 27 (17–37) 0.552d
EQ-5D 0.59 (0.47–0.66) 0.58 (0.47–0.66) 0.59 (0.47–0.66) 0.706d
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