Figure and Table | A Cohort Study of the Relationship between Active Collaboration and Operational Efficiency in Japanese Public Health Institutions

Table 1. Analysis Subject Characteristics.

Variable	All (n = 402)	High-collaboration group (n = 32)	Low-collaboration group (n = 370)	Test statistics	P-value
Inefficiency score (mean, SD)	0.83 (0.12)	0.83 (0.12)	0.91 (0.06)	3.97	0.0001
Areas with public hospitals (n)				0.92	0.63
1. Hokkaido, Tohoku	95 (24)	7 (22)	88 (24)
2. Kanto, Chubu, Kinki	208 (52)	19 (59)	189 (51)
3. Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyusyu, Okinawa	99 (24)	6 (19)	93 (25)
Percentage of subsidies from government (%) (median, Q1, Q3)	11.0 (7.7, 17.2)	8.1 (6.6, 11.7)	11.2 (7.8, 18.0)	2.85	0.0044
Average length of stay (days) (mean, SD)	15.4 (5.4)	13.1 (7.4)	15.6 (5.2)	5.29	<0.00001
Population density (person/square kilometer) (median, Q1, Q3)	262.9 (93.0, 965.4)	1093.4 (711,3, 4683,9)	220 (83.6, 740.0)	−5.34	<0.00001

Table 2. Results of Univariate and Multivariate Analysis.

	Results of univariate analysis¹						Results of multivariate analysis²
Variable	Coefficient	Standard error	T-value	95% confidence interval		P-value	Coefficient	Standard error	T-value	95% confidence interval		P-value
Variable	Coefficient	Standard error	T-value	Lower	Upper	P-value	Coefficient	Standard error	T-value	Lower	Upper	P-value
Degree of collaboration
0. Low-collaboration group	Reference						Reference
1. High-collaboration group	−0.14	0.05	−3.00	−0.23	−0.05	0.03 × 10⁻¹	−0.12	0.05	−2.55	−0.21	−0.03	0.01
Log (percentage of subsidies from government)	0.22	0.04	5.28	0.14	0.30	<0.01 × 10⁻²	0.20	0.04	4.42	0.11	0.28	<0.01 × 10⁻²
Log (average length of stay)	0.06 × 10⁻³	0.10	0.60	−0.14	0.26	0.55
The public hospital area
1. Hokkaido, Tohoku vs. 2. Kanto, Chubu, Kinki	−0.09	0.03	−3.01	−0.15	−0.03	0.03 × 10⁻¹	−0.07	0.03	-1.98	-0.13	-0.03 × 10⁻¹	0.05
1. Hokkaido, Tohoku
vs. 3. Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyusyu, Okinawa	0.01	0.04	0.37	−0.06	0.08	0.71	0.03	0.03	1.00	−0.03	0.10	0.32
2. Kanto, Chubu, Kinki
vs. 3. Chugoku, Shikoku, Kyusyu, Okinawa	0.10	0.03	3.47	0.05	0.16	0.001	0.10	0.03	3.29	0.04	0.16	0.01 × 10⁻¹
Log (population density)	−0.04	0.02	−2.09	−0.07	−0.02 × 10⁻¹	0.04	0.01	0.02	0.48	−0.03	0.05	0.16