Figure and Table | Development of Japanese and Indonesian Versions of the electronic-Health Literacy Scale

Table 1. Characteristics of Study Participants.

From: Development of Japanese and Indonesian Versions of the electronic-Health Literacy Scale

			N ＝ 506
	Item	Japan n = 99	Indonesia n = 407
		n (％)	n (％)
Gender	Female	98 (99.0%)	373 (91.6%)
	Male	1 (1.0%)	34 (8.4%)
Year of Study	First year	20 (20.2%)	106 (26.0%)
	Second year	21 (21.2%)	113 (27.8%)
	Third year	38 (38.4%)	99 (24.3%)
	Fourth year	20 (20.2%)	89 (21.9%)
Age	17 years old	0	5 (1.2%)
	18-19 years old	19 (19.2%)	176 (43.2%)
	20-21 years old	57 (57.6%)	199 (48.9%)
	22-23 years old	19 (19.2)	27 (6.6%)
	24 years old and over	4 (4.0%)	0
Religious restrictions	Yes	4 (4.0%)	345 (84.8%)
	No	95 (96.0%)	62 (15.2%)
Health status	With Underlying disease(s)	12 (12.1%)	57 (14.0%)
	No underlying disease	87 (87.9%)	350 (86.0%)
Living arrangements	Living with parents	70 (70.7%)	165 (40.5%)
	Not living with parents	29 (29.3%)	242 (59.5%)
Body Mass Index	Underweight/Normal weight	97 (98.0%)	355 (87.2%)
	Obese 1-4	2 (2.0%)	52 (12.8%)

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Table 2. Item Analysis of the Japanese and Indonesian Versions of the electronic-Health Literacy Scale.

From: Development of Japanese and Indonesian Versions of the electronic-Health Literacy Scale

N ＝ 506
	Japan n = 99						Indonesia n = 407						I-T Correlation
	mean	SD	Ceiling effect	Floor effect	Percentage of Ceiling effect	Percentage of Floor effect	mean	SD	Ceiling effect	Floor effect	Percentage of Ceiling effect	Percentage of Floor effect	I-T Correlation
1 I cannot understand the symbols (such as BMI, Body Mass Index) and wording about health information.＊	4.09	0.69	4.78	3.40	2.0	26.3	4.12	0.79	4.91	3.33	3.4	34.4	0.81
2 I find the online health information difficult to understand.＊	4.03	0.80	4.83	3.23	1.0	25.3	3.97	0.67	4.64	3.30	2.9	17.7	0.77
3 I find the mathematical formulas provided in online health information difficult to calculate. (e.g., the algorithm of calorie consumption, BMI).＊	4.01	0.89	4.90	3.12	2.0	30.3	3.70	0.81	4.51	2.89	0.2	14.5	0.85
4 I can locate health information efficiently through search engines.	3.65	0.98	4.63	2.67	2.0	21.2	3.94	0.62	4.57	3.32	1.5	15.2	0.80
5 I pay attention to and obtain new knowledge about online health information.	3.46	0.97	4.43	2.49	1.0	19.2	4.02	0.58	4.60	3.45	0.2	16.5	0.78
6 I know how to get what I need from online health information.	3.71	0.94	4.65	2.77	1.0	22.2	4.11	0.59	4.70	3.53	0.2	22.6	0.81
7 I understand the online health information I have obtained.	3.98	0.74	4.72	3.24	28.3	26.3	3.98	0.56	4.55	3.42	0.2	13.8	0.76
8 I will think about whether the online health information applies to my situation.	3.95	0.85	4.80	3.10	5.1	28.3	3.89	0.61	4.49	3.28	0.2	12.3	0.67
9 I try to find different sources to verify the credibility of health information.	3.87	1.04	4.91	2.83	2.0	32.3	4.07	0.59	4.66	3.48	0.2	19.9	0.79
10 I evaluate the validity and reliability of online health information.	3.98	0.87	4.85	3.11	1.0	30.3	3.69	0.64	4.33	3.05	0.2	7.1	0.69
11 I will browse various discussions and make a decision or action that is good for health.	3.63	1.04	4.67	2.59	2.0	24.2	3.74	0.60	4.34	3.14	0.2	6.1	0.75
12 When I have questions or doubts about online health information, I use other channels to verify the information.	3.73	0.92	4.65	2.81	11.1	21.2	4.01	0.59	4.61	3.42	0.2	16.7	0.69

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Table 3. Convergent Validity, Discriminant Validity, and Internal Consistency of the Japanese and Indonesian Versions of the electronic-Health Literacy Scale (e-HLS).

From: Development of Japanese and Indonesian Versions of the electronic-Health Literacy Scale

Subscale	Item	Convergent Validity	Discriminative validity (Pearson's)			Scaling Success Rate	α
Subscale	Item	I-T correlation	Functional	Intractive	Critical
Functional	1 I cannot understand the symbols (such as BMI, Body Mass Index) and wording about health information.＊	0.52		0.37	0.24	100%	0.74
	2 I find the online health information difficult to understand. ＊	0.61		0.49	0.35
	3 I find the mathematical formulas provided in online health information difficult to calculate. (e.g., the algorithm of calorie consumption, BMI).＊	0.58		0.36	0.25
Intractive	4 I can locate health information efficiently through search engines.	0.63	0.40		0.40	100%	0.83
	5 I pay attention to and obtain new knowledge about online health information.	0.66	0.27		0.44
	6 I know how to get what I need from online health information.	0.72	0.41		0.46
	7 I understand the online health information I have obtained.	0.65	0.43		0.54
Critical	8 I will think about whether the online health information applies to my situation.	0.54	0.24	0.45		100%	0.81
	9 I try to find different sources to verify the credibility of health information.	0.71	0.30	0.45
	10 I evaluate the validity and reliability of online health information.	0.56	0.32	0.36
	11 I will browse various discussions and make a decision or action that is good for health.	0.63	0.18	0.35
	12 When I have questions or doubts about online health information, I use other channels to verify the information.	0.56	0.20	0.40
	alpha coefficient for the overall scale						0.86

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Table 4. Results of Discriminative Validity.

From: Development of Japanese and Indonesian Versions of the electronic-Health Literacy Scale

	1st-3rd Year (n = 397)		4th Year (n = 109)		pValue	Cohen's d
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	pValue	Cohen's d
e-HLS Total Score	3.87	0.44	4.09	0.42	<.001	0.44
Functional	3.85	0.60	4.32	0.56	<.001	0.59
Intractive	3.91	0.56	4.10	0.50	0.002	0.55
Critical	3.85	0.53	3.96	0.47	0.051	0.52

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Table 5. Comparison of the Results of the Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

From: Development of Japanese and Indonesian Versions of the electronic-Health Literacy Scale

	RMSEA	CFI	SRMR	TLI	df	Chi-squared	AIC
No restrictions	0.045	0.952	0.055	0.928	102	208.222	364.222
Full metric invariance	0.048	0.942	0.069	0.932	111	239.458	377.458
Full metric invariance	△0.003	△0.010	▲0.014
Scalar invariance	0.065	0.883	0.075	0.875	123	383.715	497.715
Scalar invariance	△0.020	△0.069	▲0.020

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