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Table 1. Baseline Characteristics from Specific Health Checkups in 2013, Including Laboratory Tests and Questionnaire Items Before Propensity Score Matching.

From: Impact of Transtheoretical Model Staging on Health Outcomes in Japanese Men Aged 40-70: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

Age < 49 years Age ≥ 49 years
(n=5409) (n=5403)
Precontemplation group Contemplation-or-Higher Stage Standardized difference Precontemplation stage Contemplation-or-Higher Stage Standardized difference
(n=1553) (n=3856) (n=1830) (n=3573)
mean SD mean SD mean SD mean SD
Age (years) 43.6 2.5 43.6 2.5 0.006 56.2 5.3 55.6 5.2 -0.113
SBP (mmHg) 114.9 15.6 117.4 16.4 0.153 120.4 19.3 122.0 18.2 0.087
DBP (mmHg) 73.3 11.5 75.2 12.1 0.156 77.6 12.6 78.9 12.0 0.105
Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) 98.4 15.0 99.7 16.6 0.086 100.8 16.8 103.2 18.1 0.134
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 117.4 95.6 131.4 101.8 0.142 119.7 105.3 128.9 91.7 0.093
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) 59.5 14.1 57.1 13.3 -0.175 61.5 15.0 59.0 13.8 -0.171
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) 124.1 30.8 130.9 30.0 0.225 126.3 29.0 131.6 29.6 0.180
AST (U/L) 22.1 11.8 23.7 10.5 0.143 22.1 8.2 23.3 9.8 0.123
ALT (U/L) 25.7 17.8 30.1 20.5 0.228 22.3 13.0 25.6 17.8 0.211
γ-GT (U/L) 41.1 40.1 47.3 50.1 0.136 46.3 53.5 48.8 50.8 0.049
RBC (×104/μL) 498.4 38.2 503.1 36.1 0.126 481.9 39.4 489.4 38.0 0.194
Hb (g/dL) 15.3 0.9 15.3 0.9 0.081 15.0 1.0 15.1 1.0 0.138
Ht (%) 44.6 2.6 44.8 2.5 0.047 44.0 2.8 44.3 2.7 0.128
CRE (mg/dL) 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.159 0.8 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.103
BMI (kg/m2) 22.7 3.5 24.1 3.4 0.387 22.4 2.8 23.6 2.9 0.403
Waist Circumference (cm) 80.7 9.1 84.2 9.0 0.381 81.2 8.0 84.1 7.9 0.368
n % n % n % n %
Smoking History 728 46.9 1374 35.6 -0.230 783 42.8 1113 31.2 -0.243
Weight Gain ≥10 kg Since Age 20 538 34.6 1845 47.9 0.271 647 35.4 1718 48.1 0.260
Regular Exercise (≥30 min, ≥2×/week, ≥1 year) 210 13.5 677 17.6 0.112 314 17.2 801 22.4 0.132
Daily Walking/Physical Activity (>1 hour) 258 16.6 605 15.7 -0.025 390 21.3 652 18.3 -0.077
Walking Faster Than Peers of the Same Age and Sex 397 25.6 1145 29.7 0.092 581 31.8 1332 37.3 0.117
Eating Speed -0.092 -0.156
　Quicker 627 40.4 1756 45.5 592 32.4 1428 40.0
　Normal 841 54.2 1896 49.2 1079 59.0 1895 53.0
　Slower 85 5.5 204 5.3 159 8.7 250 7.0
Late Supper within 2 Hours of Bedtime (≥3 times/week) 613 39.5 1658 43.0 0.072 558 30.5 1167 32.7 0.047
Skipping Breakfast (≥3 times/week) 431 27.8 950 24.6 -0.071 307 16.8 475 13.3 -0.098
Alcohol Consumption Frequency -0.026 -0.048
　None or rarely 501 32.3 1097 28.5 527 28.8 935 26.2
　Occasional 465 29.9 1529 39.7 433 23.7 1177 32.9
　Every day 587 37.8 1230 31.9 870 47.5 1461 40.9
Adequate Sleep 565 36.4 1301 33.7 -0.055 749 40.9 1418 39.7 -0.025
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Table 2. Baseline Characteristics from Specific Health Checkups in 2013, Including Laboratory Tests and Questionnaire Items after Propensity Score Matching.

From: Impact of Transtheoretical Model Staging on Health Outcomes in Japanese Men Aged 40-70: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

Age < 49 years Age ≥ 49 years
Precontemplation stage Contemplation-or-Higher Stage Standardized difference Precontemplation stage Contemplation-or-Higher Stage Standardized difference
(n=1495) (n=1495) (n=1749) (n=1749)
mean SD mean SD mean SD mean SD
Age (years) 43.6 2.5 43.6 2.6 -0.014 56.1 5.3 56.4 5.5 0.050
SBP (mmHg) 115.1 15.6 114.6 15.3 -0.038 120.6 19.3 120.4 18.1 -0.009
DBP (mmHg) 73.5 11.5 73.0 11.0 -0.043 77.7 12.6 77.4 11.9 -0.023
Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) 98.4 15.2 98.2 15.4 -0.019 101.1 17.1 101.0 15.3 -0.003
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 118.7 96.8 116.9 84.1 -0.020 121.1 106.9 119.6 87.5 -0.016
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) 59.3 14.2 59.8 14.5 0.037 61.1 14.8 61.6 14.7 0.038
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) 125.0 30.7 123.3 28.7 -0.054 127.3 28.8 125.7 29.2 -0.056
AST (U/L) 22.2 11.9 21.8 8.0 -0.044 22.2 8.2 22.1 7.7 -0.012
ALT (U/L) 26.1 17.9 24.9 14.3 -0.075 22.6 13.1 22.0 11.6 -0.049
γ-GT (U/L) 41.5 40.5 40.7 43.0 -0.020 46.6 54.0 46.4 50.7 -0.004
RBC (×104/μL) 499.1 38.2 497.8 34.8 -0.035 483.2 38.5 480.6 38.7 -0.067
Hb (g/dL) 15.3 0.9 15.3 0.9 -0.024 15.0 1.0 15.0 1.0 -0.049
Ht (%) 44.7 2.6 44.6 2.5 -0.014 44.0 2.7 43.9 2.7 -0.050
CRE (mg/dL) 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.1 -0.043 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.1 -0.032
BMI (kg/m2) 22.9 3.5 22.6 2.9 -0.080 22.6 2.8 22.3 2.5 -0.099
Waist Circumference (cm) 81.1 9.1 80.4 7.8 -0.079 81.6 7.9 81.0 7.2 -0.075
n % n % n % n %
Smoking History 676 45.2 735 49.2 0.079 716 40.9 756 43.2 0.046
Weight Gain ≥10 kg Since Age 20 536 35.9 491 32.8 -0.063 641 36.7 580 33.2 -0.073
Regular Exercise (≥30 min, ≥2×/week, ≥1 year) 208 13.9 185 12.4 -0.046 313 17.9 303 17.3 -0.015
Daily Walking/Physical Activity (>1 hour) 247 16.5 273 18.3 0.046 365 20.9 396 22.6 0.043
Walking Faster Than Peers of the Same Age and Sex 392 26.2 356 23.8 -0.056 568 32.5 550 31.5 -0.022
Eating Speed 0.041 0.023
　Quicker 613 41.0 582 38.9 581 33.2 553 31.6
　Normal 800 53.5 826 55.3 1018 58.2 1050 60.0
　Slower 82 5.5 87 5.8 150 8.6 146 8.4
Late Supper within 2 Hours of Bedtime (≥3 times/week) 596 39.9 557 37.3 -0.054 534 30.5 517 29.6 -0.021
Skipping Breakfast (≥3 times/week) 402 26.9 413 27.6 0.017 285 16.3 291 16.6 0.009
Alcohol Consumption Frequency -0.008 0.030
　None or rarely 473 31.6 509 34.1 512 29.3 518 29.6
　Occasional 464 31.0 402 26.9 429 24.5 372 21.3
　Every day 558 37.3 584 39.1 808 46.2 859 49.1
Adequate Sleep 542 36.3 557 37.3 0.021 719 41.1 716 40.9 -0.003
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Table 3. Distribution of Precontemplation and Contemplation-or-higher Groups, Including Subcategories, before and after Propensity Score Matching.

From: Impact of Transtheoretical Model Staging on Health Outcomes in Japanese Men Aged 40-70: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

Age < 49 years Age ≥ 49 years
Before propensity score matching After propensity score matching Before propensity score matching After propensity score matching
Precontemplation stage Contemplation-or-Higher Stage Precontemplation stage Contemplation-or-Higher Stage Precontemplation stage Contemplation-or-Higher Stage Precontemplation stage Contemplation-or-Higher Stage
(n=1553) (n=3856) (n=1495) (n=1495) (n=1830) (n=3573) (n=1749) (n=1749)
n % n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
Precontemplation 1553 100.0 1495 100.0 1830 100.0 1749 100.0
Contemplation 1830 47.5 735 49.2 1480 41.4 758 43.3
Preparation 756 19.6 290 19.4 672 18.8 335 19.2
Action 547 14.2 203 13.6 420 11.8 184 10.5
Maintenance 723 18.8 267 17.9 1001 28.0 472 27.0
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Table 4. Health Checkup Data and Questionnaire Responses from 2017 after Propensity Score Matching.

From: Impact of Transtheoretical Model Staging on Health Outcomes in Japanese Men Aged 40-70: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

Age < 49 years Age ≥ 49 years
Precontemplation stage Contemplation-or-Higher Stage p-value Precontemplation stage Contemplation-or-Higher Stage p-value
N (total) mean SD N (total) mean SD N (total) mean SD N (total) mean SD
SBP (mmHg) 1493 116.0 17.0 1492 115.8 16.2 0.730 1744 122.5 19.2 1749 121.6 18.4 0.141
DBP (mmHg) 1493 75.3 12.2 1492 75.1 12.0 0.722 1744 78.6 12.1 1749 78.0 11.4 0.117
Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) 1483 98.6 14.8 1479 98.1 13.9 0.352 1723 101.0 15.2 1747 100.9 14.3 0.813
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 1494 119.7 103.3 1492 118.0 84.6 0.625 1744 115.2 84.9 1749 113.1 73.8 0.428
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) 1494 58.7 14.1 1492 59.8 14.9 0.041 1744 61.1 15.1 1749 62.2 14.8 0.034
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) 1494 131.2 31.8 1492 131.1 30.5 0.885 1744 131.3 29.9 1749 130.6 30.3 0.495
AST (U/L) 1493 21.7 9.7 1492 21.7 9.1 0.960 1744 22.0 9.7 1749 21.9 9.1 0.770
ALT (U/L) 1493 25.7 16.8 1492 25.2 15.9 0.380 1744 22.1 13.8 1749 21.7 12.4 0.378
γ-GT (U/L) 1493 44.6 47.3 1492 44.2 44.4 0.795 1744 45.4 55.5 1749 45.1 59.6 0.901
CRE (mg/dL) 1494 0.8 0.1 1492 0.8 0.1 0.049 1744 0.9 0.2 1748 0.9 0.2 0.647
BMI (kg/m2) 1493 23.2 3.5 1492 23.0 3.0 0.152 1744 22.7 2.9 1749 22.5 2.6 0.014
Waist Circumference (cm) 1487 82.4 9.2 1483 82.0 8.1 0.191 1725 82.5 8.2 1721 82.1 7.5 0.095
N (total) n % N (total) n % p-value N (total) n % N (total) n % p-value
Smoking History 1486 639 43.0 1483 666 44.9 0.295 1724 646 37.5 1720 641 37.3 0.902
Medications for Hypertension 1486 49 3.3 1483 48 3.2 0.926 1724 147 8.5 1720 154 9.0 0.657
Medications for Diabetes 1486 20 1.4 1483 24 1.6 0.539 1724 35 2.0 1720 36 2.1 0.897
Medications Dyslipidemia 1486 24 1.6 1483 35 2.4 0.146 1724 42 2.4 1720 67 3.9 0.014
History of Stroke 1486 3 0.2 1483 2 0.1 0.656 1724 10 0.6 1720 9 0.5 0.822
History of Heart Disease 1486 8 0.5 1483 13 0.9 0.271 1724 37 2.2 1720 41 2.4 0.639
History of Chronic Kidney Disease/Kidney Failure 1486 0 0.0 1483 1 0.1 0.317 1724 1 0.1 1723 1 0.1 0.999
Weight Gain ≥10 kg Since Age 20 1486 588 39.3 1495 563 37.7 0.347 1749 661 37.8 1749 633 36.2 0.327
Regular Exercise (≥30 min, ≥2×/week, ≥1 year) 1495 216 14.5 1495 229 15.3 0.504 1749 308 17.6 1749 349 20.0 0.076
Daily Walking/Physical Activity (>1 hour) 1495 261 17.5 1495 272 18.2 0.599 1749 352 20.1 1749 361 20.6 0.706
Walking Faster Than Peers of the Same Age and Sex 1495 404 27.0 1495 435 29.1 0.207 1749 566 32.4 1749 616 35.2 0.074
Eating Speed 1485 1489 0.534 1740 1739 0.049
　Quicker 791 53.3 822 55.2 992 57.0 1051 60.4
　Normal 608 40.9 580 39.0 567 32.6 542 31.2
　Slower 86 5.8 87 5.8 181 10.4 146 8.4
Late Supper within 2 Hours of Bedtime (≥3 times/week) 1495 567 37.9 1495 538 36.0 0.272 1749 484 27.7 1749 438 25.0 0.078
Skipping Breakfast (≥3 times/week) 1495 392 26.2 1495 375 25.1 0.477 1749 260 14.9 1749 253 14.5 0.738
Alcohol Consumption Frequency 1489 1487 0.990 1744 1747 0.759
　None or rarely 467 31.4 469 31.5 521 29.9 532 30.5
　Occasional 452 30.4 448 30.1 441 25.3 423 24.2
　Every day 570 38.3 570 38.3 782 44.8 792 45.3
Adequate Sleep 1495 559 37.4 1495 538 36.0 0.426 1749 767 43.9 1749 716 40.9 0.081
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