| Age (years)‡ |
78 (72-83) |
77 (71-83) |
79 (73-83) |
0.127 |
| Height (cm)‡ |
157 (151-165) |
165 (160-170) |
152 (148-156) |
<0.001 |
| Weight (kg)‡ |
59 (50-68) |
65 (60-73) |
52 (48-59) |
<0.001 |
| Body mass index: BMI‡ |
23.3 (21.4-25.8) |
24.3 (22.3-26.4) |
22.5 (20.6-25.3) |
<0.001 |
| Grip strength (kg)‡ |
21.5 (16-29.5) |
29.5 (24.7-34.0) |
16.6 ± 4.4 |
<0.001 |
| White blood cells (/μL)‡ |
5625 (4835-6588) |
5850 (4985-6665) |
5410 (4795-6545) |
0.174 |
| Red blood cells (×104/μL)* |
426 ± 52 |
435 ± 57 |
417 ± 45 |
0.004 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL)‡ |
13.2 (12.2-14.3) |
13.8 (12.8-14.9) |
12.8 (11.9-13.6) |
<0.001 |
| Hematocrit (%)‡ |
39.9 (37.2-42.8) |
41.6 (38.1-44.6) |
38.6 (36.6-41.4) |
<0.001 |
| Platelets(×104/μL)* |
21.3 ± 5.1 |
20.5 ± 4.8 |
22.1 ± 5.3 |
0.007 |
| Total protein (g/dL)‡ |
7.0 (6.8-7.3) |
7.0 (6.7-7.3) |
7.1 (6.8-7.3) |
0.098 |
| Albumin (g/dL)‡ |
4.2 (3.9-4.4) |
4.2 (3.9-4.4) |
4.2 (3.9-4.4) |
0.891 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)‡ |
0.85 (0.73-1.05) |
0.97 (0.83-1.17) |
0.76 (0.66-0.90) |
<0.001 |
| Comorbidities |
|
|
|
|
| Hypertension, n (%)† |
232 (85.9) |
118 (88.7) |
114 (83.2) |
0.223 |
| Diabetes, n (%)† |
60 (22.2) |
34 (25.6) |
26 (19.0) |
0.241 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%)† |
148 (54.8) |
66 (49.6) |
82 (59.9) |
0.112 |
| Osteoporosis, n (%)† |
20 (7.4) |
5 (3.8) |
15 (10.9) |
0.035 |
| Malignant neoplasm, n (%)† |
23 (8.5) |
16 (12.0) |
7 (5.1) |
0.005 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%)† |
71 (26.3) |
41 (30.8) |
30 (21.9) |
0.100 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)† |
30 (11.1) |
14 (10.5) |
16 (11.7) |
0.847 |
| Questions |
|
|
|
|
| OF-5 specific questions |
① Fewer teeth |
90 (33.3) |
35 (26.3) |
55 (40.1) |
0.020 |
| How many of your natural teeth are left? (<20 natural teeth) † |
|
|
|
|
| ② Low articulatory oral motor skill |
31 (11.5) |
20 (15.0) |
11 (8.0) |
0.086 |
| Have you had difficulty with clear pronunciation recently? (Yes) † |
|
|
|
|
| Questions common to OF-5 and OFI-8 |
③ Difficulty in chewing |
56 (20.7) |
19 (14.3) |
37 (27.0) |
0.011 |
| Do you have any difficulties eating tough foods compared with 6 months ago? (Yes) † |
| ④ Difficulty in swallowing |
75 (27.8) |
34 (25.6) |
41 (29.9) |
0.497 |
| Have you choked on your tea or soup recently? (Yes) † |
| ⑤ Dry mouth |
101 (37.4) |
46 (34.6) |
55 (40.1) |
0.380 |
| Do you often experience having a dry mouth? (Yes) † |
| OFI-8 specific questions |
⑥ Do you use dentures? (Yes) † |
156 (57.8) |
75 (56.4) |
81 (59.1) |
0.712 |
| ⑦ Do you go out less frequently than you did last year? (Yes) † |
76 (28.1) |
28 (21.1) |
48 (35.0) |
0.015 |
| ⑧ Can you eat hard foods like squid jerky or pickled radish? (No) † |
38 (14.1) |
13 (9.7) |
25 (18.2) |
0.054 |
| ⑨ How many times do you brush your teeth in a day? (<2 times/day) † |
57 (21.1) |
32 (24.1) |
25 (18.2) |
0.297 |
| ⑩Do you visit a dental clinic at least annually? (No) † |
55 (20.4) |
25 (18.8) |
30 (21.9) |
0.549 |
| Questionnaire score results |
|
|
|
|
| OF-5 score‡ |
1 (0-2) |
1 (0-2) |
1 (1-2) |
0.018 |
| Oral frailty, ≥2 OF-5 score, n (%)† |
110 (40.7) |
45 (33.8) |
65 (47.4) |
0.016 |
| OFI-8 score‡ |
3 (2-5) |
3 (2-4) |
4 (2-5) |
0.016 |
| OFI-8 score ≤2, n (%)† |
107 (39.6) |
61 (45.9) |
46 (33.6) |
0.047 |
| OFI-8 score = 3, n (%) † |
42 (15.6) |
21 (15.8) |
21 (15.3) |
1.000 |
| OFI-8 score ≥4, n (%)† |
121 (44.8) |
51 (38.3) |
70 (51.1) |
0.038 |
