Figure and Table | Evaluation of Trunk Muscle Mass in Older Adults Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: A Scoping Review

Table 1. Research Overview and Main Research Findings.

From: Evaluation of Trunk Muscle Mass in Older Adults Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: A Scoping Review

Authors (year)	Country	Study population	Study design	Sample size	Age (mean)	Sex (n; %)	BMI (kg/m²)	BIA device model	BIA frequencies	Sensitivity/specificity	Main objectives	Main outcomes
Yamaguchi et al. ⁽²⁹⁾, 2023	Japan	Community-dwelling older adults	Cross-sectional study	141	71.6 ± 4.7 (men: 72.5 ± 5.2; women: 71.1 ± 4.5)	men: 46; women: 95	23.1 ± 2.7 (men: 23.0 ± 3.0; women: 23.1 ± 2.6)	In Body S10 (Inbody, Tokyo, Japan)	multifrequency alternating current of 1, 5, 50, 250, 500, and 1000 kHz	N/A	To clarify the relationship between TMI and the characteristics of swallowing-related muscles.	For both men and women, the CSA of the geniohyoid muscle was significantly positively correlated with TMI (r = 0.50 [men], r = 0.21, p < 0.05 [women]). TMI was significantly and positively associated with the swallowing-related muscle mass.
Ide et al. ⁽⁶⁾, 2023	Japan	Older adults	Cross-sectional study	281	75.4 ± 6.7 (men: 75.9 ± 6.8; women: 75.1 ± 6.7)	men: 100; women: 181	22.7 ± 3.0 (men: 23.3 ± 2.8; women: 22.3 ± 3.1)	MC-780A (Tanita, Tokyo, Japan)	multifrequency alternating current of 5, 50, 250 kHz	N/A	To investigate the relationship between TMM and whole-body sagittal alignment.	TMM decreased with age. In women, TMM/BMI decreased, but not in men. TMM and TMM/BMI were associated with trunk forward inclination (men: r = 0.275, women: r = 0.300, p < 0.001) and knee flexion (men: r = 0.305, women: r = 0.362). In addition, TMM/BMI was significantly correlated with the Oswestry Disability Index (men: r = 0.256, women: r = 0.214).
Sato et al. ⁽²⁵⁾, 2022	Japan	Patients with acute stroke	Retrospective cohort study	212	72.7 [13.4]	men: 143; women: 69	23.6 ± 3.8	In Body S10 (Inbody, Tokyo, Japan)	multifrequency alternating current of 1, 5, 50, 250, 500, and 1000 kHz	N/A	To determine whether TMI is associated with functional prognosis and to determine whether each motor subitem was related to TMI.	TMI showed a positive correlation with the FIM-motor score at the time of discharge (β = 0.240). FIM-self-care (β = 0.351) and locomotion (β = 0.331) were positively associated with TMI.
Sato et al. ⁽²⁸⁾, 2022	Japan	Patients with acute stroke	Retrospective cohort study	231	72.2 [13.3]	men: 151; women: 80	23.6 ± 3.7	In Body S10 (Inbody, Tokyo, Japan)	multifrequency alternating current of 1, 5, 50, 250, 500, and 1000 kHz	N/A	To determine the effect of TMI on improving swallowing function in patients with acute stroke.	TMI was related to FIM-eating score (β = 0.330).
Salimi et al. ⁽¹³⁾, 2021	Japan	Community-dwelling older adults	Prospective cohort study	380	73.4 [5.3] (men: 73.7 [5.2]; women: 73.3 [5.5])	men: 152; women: 228	23.0 ± 3.3 (men: 23.4 ± 2.8; women: 22.7 ± 3.6)	MC-780A (Tanita, Tokyo, Japan)	multifrequency alternating current of 5, 50, 250 kHz	N/A	To verify whether TMM measured using BIA correlates with muscle cross-sectional area of paravertebral muscles measured using MRI.	A strong correlation (r = 0.807) was shown between TMM measured using BIA and the cross-sectional area of the paravertebral muscles (excluding intramuscular fat) measured using MRI.
Hori et al. ⁽²⁷⁾, 2019	Japan	Patients with spinal diseases	Cross-sectional study	1738	70.2 ± 11.0	men: 781; women: 957	23.3 ± 3.9	MC-780A and MC-980A (Tanita, Tokyo, Japan)	multifrequency alternating current of 1, 5, 50, 250, 500, and 1000 kHz	N/A	To clarify the relationship between TMM and low back pain, spinal sagittal balance, and QOL, and to elucidate the significance of TMM in patients with spinal diseases.	TMM as assessed by BIA was significantly associated with ODI, low back pain VAS score, SVA, and EQ5D.
Yoshimi et al. ⁽²⁶⁾, 2018	Japan	Community-dwelling older adults	Cross-sectional study	118	men: 72.81 (69.00-77.00); women: 69.57 (66.00-73.00)	men: 37 women: 81	men: 23.02 ± 2.65; women: 22.68 ± 3.15	In Body S10 (Inbody, Tokyo, Japan)	multifrequency alternating current of 1, 5, 50, 250, 500, and 1000 kHz	N/A	To clarify the relationship between the strength of swallowing muscles and TMM in healthy older individuals.	A correlation was found between handgrip strength and geniohyoid muscle cross-sectional area in both men and women (men: r = 0.508, women: r = 0.279). The geniohyoid muscle cross-sectional area was correlated with TMI (r = 0.290). TMI was one of the factors related to JOF (β = 0.299) and TP (β = 0.195).

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