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Table 1. Characteristics of Subjects by Gender.

From: Social Capital and Subjective Health Perception among Older Community Residents in Japan

Item Whole Male Female p-value
n=884 n=460 n=424
n % n % n %
mean age ± SD 70.32±4.03 70.34±4.08 70.30±3.99 0.877
age 2 classification 60-69years old 378 42.8 196 42.6 182 42.9 0.924
70-79years old 506 57.2 264 57.4 242 57.1
living alone and other living alone 72 8.1 26 5.7 46 10.8 0.005**
other 812 91.9 434 94.3 378 89.2
generally trustworthy high 734 83.0 387 84.1 347 81.8 0.365
low 150 17.0 73 15.9 77 18.2
willingness to help others high 469 53.1 245 53.3 224 52.8 0.898
low 415 46.9 215 46.7 200 47.2
attachment to the region strongly 765 86.5 400 87.0 365 86.1 0.704
weakl 119 13.5 60 13.0 59 13.9
having a place to go for health and nursing care can casually ask for advice 246 27.8 96 20.9 150 35.4 < 0.001***
can ask for advice but not casually 509 57.6 279 60.7 230 54.2
no places 129 14.6 85 18.5 44 10.4
belonging to a senior club yes 598 67.6 320 69.6 278 65.6 0.204
no 286 32.4 140 30.4 146 34.4
volunteer groups yes 447 50.6 232 50.4 215 50.7 0.935
no 437 49.4 228 49.6 209 49.3
sports groups and clubs yes 478 54.1 225 48.9 253 59.7 0.001**
no 406 45.9 235 51.1 171 40.3
hobby groups yes 442 50.0 188 40.9 254 59.9 < 0.001***
no 442 50.0 272 59.1 170 40.1
study and cultural circles yes 315 35.6 132 28.7 183 43.2 < 0.001***
no 569 64.4 328 71.3 241 56.8
activities to share skills and experiences with others yes 196 22.2 89 19.3 107 25.2 0.035*
no 688 77.8 371 80.7 317 74.8
talking to people who live alone yes 642 72.6 319 69.3 323 76.2 0.023*
no 242 27.4 141 30.7 101 23.8
confidence in one’s own health confident 708 80.1 381 82.8 327 77.1 0.034*
lack of confidence in health 176 19.9 79 17.2 97 22.9
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Table 2. Factors related to lack of confidence in health (Overall).

From: Social Capital and Subjective Health Perception among Older Community Residents in Japan

Item not confident in one’s health
n n (％) χ2 tests model 1 model 2 model 3 model 4 model 5
884 176 (19.9) P value OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value
residential area A 159 27 (17.0) 0.315 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
B 172 44 (25.6) 1.68 (0.98-2.88) 0.058 1.68 (0.98-2.88) 0.059 1.72 (1.00-2.97) 0.051 1.65 (0.95-2.87) 0.074 1.57 (0.90-2.75) 0.114
C 340 63 (18.5) 1.11 (0.68-1.83) 0.675 1.13 (0.68-1.85) 0.643 1.14 (0.69-1.89) 0.611 1.14 (0.68-1.89) 0.620 1.06 (0.63-1.79) 0.814
D 112 22 (19.6) 1.20 (0.64-2.23) 0.575 1.24 (0.66-2.33) 0.502 1.24 (0.65-2.34) 0.517 1.21 (0.63-2.30) 0.567 1.21 (0.63-2.34) 0.571
E 101 20 (19.8) 1.21 (0.64-2.29) 0.565 1.28 (0.67-2.45) 0.449 1.34 (0.70-2.58) 0.381 1.27 (0.65-2.45) 0.485 1.09 (0.55-2.14) 0.806
gender male 460 79 (17.2) 0.034 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
female 424 97 (22.9) 1.42 (1.02-1.99) 0.041 1.41 (1.01-1.98) 0.044 1.58 (1.11-2.23) 0.011 1.78 (1.24-2.56) 0.002
age 2 classification 60-69years old 378 72 (19.0) 0.579 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
70-79years old 506 104 (20.6) 1.12 (0.80-1.57) 0.520 1.18 (0.84-1.67) 0.338 1.34 (0.94-1.91) 0.109 1.60 (1.09-2.33) 0.015
living alone and other living alone 72 16 (22.2) 0.644 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
other 812 160 (19.7) 0.94 (0.52-1.70) 0.848 0.94 (0.52-1.70) 0.828 0.95 (0.52-1.74) 0.874 0.99 (0.54-1.82) 0.974
generally trustworthy high 734 136 (18.5) 0.023 1.00 1.00 1.00
low 150 40 (26.7) 1.34 (0.83-2.14) 0.228 1.24 (0.77-1.99) 0.382 1.15 (0.71-1.87) 0.570
willingness to help others high 469 85 (18.1) 0.157 1.00 1.00 1.00
low 415 91 (21.9) 1.05 (0.73-1.51) 0.795 1.00 (0.69-1.45) 0.988 1.00 (0.69-1.46) 0.997
attachment to the region strongly 765 140 (18.3) 0.004 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
weakl 119 36 (30.3) 1.72 (1.06-2.80) 0.029 1.63 (1.00-2.67) 0.051 1.63 (0.99-2.68) 0.056
having a place to go for health and nursing care can easily consult 246 40 (16.3) 0.000 1.00 1.00
can consult but not easily 509 95 (18.7) 1.22 (0.80-1.86) 0.357 1.25 (0.81-1.92) 0.320
no places 129 41 (31.8) 2.59 (1.50-4.47) 0.001 2.35 (1.34-4.13) 0.003
belonging to a senior club yes 598 109 (18.2) 0.070 1.00
no 286 67 (23.4) 1.18 (0.80-1.75) 0.401
volunteer groups yes 447 80 (17.9) 0.152 1.00
no 437 96 (22.0) 0.90 (0.60-1.35) 0.600
sports groups and clubs yes 478 77 (16.1) 0.002 1.00
no 406 99 (24.4) 1.56 (1.07-2.28) 0.020
hobby groups yes 442 75 (17.0) 0.035 1.00
no 442 101 (22.9) 1.36 (0.92-2.02) 0.121
study and cultural circles yes 315 54 (17.1) 0.135 1.00
no 569 122 (21.4) 1.15 (0.75-1.77) 0.524
activities to share skills and experiences with others yes 196 35 (17.9) 0.478 1.00
no 688 141 (20.5) 0.85 (0.52-1.39) 0.525
talking to people who live alone yes 642 121 (18.8) 0.219 1.00
no 242 55 (22.7) 1.11 (0.76-1.64) 0.585
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Table 3. Factors related to lack of confidence in health (Males).

From: Social Capital and Subjective Health Perception among Older Community Residents in Japan

Item not confident in one's health
n n (％) χ2 tests model 1 model 2 model 3 model 4 model 5
460 79 (17.2) P value OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value
residential area A 79 8 (10.1) 0.261 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
B 81 19 (23.5) 2.72 (1.11-6.65) 0.028 2.74 (1.12-6.72) 0.028 2.76 (1.12-6.82) 0.028 2.77 (1.11-6.95) 0.029 2.86 (1.11-7.40) 0.030
C 175 29 (16.6) 1.76 (0.77-4.05) 0.182 1.78 (0.77-4.09) 0.177 1.79 (0.77-4.16) 0.174 1.85 (0.79-4.34) 0.155 1.90 (0.80-4.54) 0.149
D 62 12 (19.4) 2.13 (0.81-5.59) 0.125 2.17 (0.82-5.76) 0.120 2.09 (0.78-5.61) 0.142 2.16 (0.80-5.86) 0.129 2.14 (0.76-5.98) 0.149
E 63 11 (17.5) 1.88 (0.71-5.00) 0.207 1.92 (0.72-5.13) 0.195 2.07 (0.76-5.63) 0.152 2.01 (0.73-5.52) 0.178 1.67 (0.59-4.73) 0.338
age 2 classification 60-69years old 196 33 (16.8) 0.901 1.00 1.00 0.637 1.00 1.00
70-79years old 264 46 (17.4) 1.10 (0.67-1.81) 0.717 1.13 (0.68-1.87) 0.637 1.30 (0.77-2.20) 0.323 1.66 (0.94-2.91) 0.081
living alone and other living alone 26 5 (19.2) 0.789 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
other 434 74 (17.1) 0.97 (0.35-2.69) 0.945 0.90 (0.32-2.52) 0.841 0.92 (0.32-2.64) 0.877 1.01 (0.34-2.97) 0.989
generally trustworthy high 387 63 (16.3) 0.240 1.00 1.00 1.00
low 73 16 (21.9) 1.30 (0.61-2.78) 0.493 1.20 (0.56-2.59) 0.634 1.23 (0.56-2.68) 0.608
willingness to help others high 245 42 (17.1) 1.000 1.00 1.00 1.00
low 215 37 (17.2) 0.81 (0.47-1.39) 0.438 0.79 (0.46-1.38) 0.415 0.72 (0.41-1.28) 0.268
attachment to the region strongly 400 63 (15.8) 0.044 1.00 1.00 1.00
weakl 60 16 (26.7) 1.84 (0.88-3.84) 0.104 1.54 (0.73-3.25) 0.262 1.41 (0.66-3.03) 0.375
having a place to go for health and nursing care can easily consult 96 9 (9.4) 0.000 1.00 1.00
can consult but not easily 279 44 (15.8) 1.84 (0.85-3.98) 0.121 1.88 (0.85-4.17) 0.121
no places 85 26 (30.6) 4.18 (1.77-9.84) 0.001 3.58 (1.47-8.72) 0.005
belonging to a senior club yes 320 49 (15.3) 0.139 1.00
no 140 30 (21.4) 1.08 (0.61-1.94) 0.786
volunteer groups yes 232 31 (13.4) 0.035 1.00
no 228 48 (21.1) 1.05 (0.57-1.95) 0.876
sports groups and clubs yes 225 25 (11.1) 0.001 1.00
no 235 54 (23.0) 2.11 (1.15-3.86) 0.015
hobby groups yes 188 23 (12.2) 0.023 1.00
no 272 56 (20.6) 1.35 (0.72-2.53) 0.353
study and cultural circles yes 132 16 (12.1) 0.076 1.00
no 328 63 (19.2) 1.04 (0.49-2.20) 0.914
activities to share skills and experiences with others yes 89 11 (12.4) 0.212 1.00
no 371 68 (18.3) 1.01 (0.44-2.30) 0.982
talking to people who live alone yes 319 47 (14.7) 0.044 1.00
no 141 32 (22.7) 1.36 (0.79-2.33) 0.269
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Table 4. Factors related to lack of confidence in health (Females)

From: Social Capital and Subjective Health Perception among Older Community Residents in Japan

Item not confident in one's health
n n (％) χ2 tests model 1 model 2 model 3 model 4 model 5
424 97 (22.9) P value OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value
residential area A 80 19 (23.8) 0.762 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
B 91 25 (27.5) 1.22 (0.61-2.43) 0.579 1.22 (0.61-2.44) 0.568 1.29 (0.64-2.60) 0.479 1.24 (0.61-2.51) 0.553 1.21 (0.59-2.48) 0.611
C 165 34 (20.6) 0.83 (0.44-1.58) 0.575 0.83 (0.44-1.58) 0.578 0.86 (0.45-1.66) 0.656 0.86 (0.45-1.67) 0.662 0.80 (0.41-1.57) 0.514
D 50 10 (20.0) 0.80 (0.34-1.90) 0.618 0.82 (0.34-1.94) 0.647 0.83 (0.34-2.01) 0.680 0.80 (0.33-1.96) 0.631 0.85 (0.34-2.14) 0.735
E 38 9 (23.7) 1.00 (0.40-2.47) 0.994 1.00 (0.40-2.49) 0.996 1.00 (0.40-2.54) 0.995 0.97 (0.38-2.47) 0.952 0.91 (0.35-2.36) 0.838
age 2 classification 60-69years old 182 39 (21.4) 0.561 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
70-79years old 242 58 (24.0) 1.16 (0.73-1.84) 0.544 1.28 (0.79-2.06) 0.313 1.38 (0.84-2.26) 0.202 1.60 (0.94-2.71) 0.081
living alone and other living alone 46 11 (23.9) 0.853 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
other 378 86 (22.8) 0.95 (0.46-1.96) 0.892 0.97 (0.46-2.03) 0.938 0.98 (0.47-2.05) 0.950 0.97 (0.46-2.05) 0.937
generally trustworthy high 347 73 (21.0) 0.071 1.00 1.00 1.00
low 77 24 (31.2) 1.38 (0.75-2.53) 0.304 1.32 (0.71-2.44) 0.380 1.21 (0.64-2.27) 0.561
willingness to help others high 224 43 (19.2) 0.064 1.00 1.00 1.00
low 200 54 (27.0) 1.31 (0.80-2.16) 0.281 1.25 (0.75-2.08) 0.386 1.26 (0.75-2.12) 0.386
attachment to the region strongly 365 77 (21.1) 0.044 1.00 1.00 1.00
weakl 59 20 (33.9) 1.68 (0.87-3.25) 0.124 1.71 (0.88-3.30) 0.114 1.82 (0.92-3.60) 0.084
having a place to go for health and nursing care can easily consult 150 31 (20.7) 0.164 1.00 1.00
can consult but not easily 230 51 (22.2) 1.01 (0.59-1.71) 0.978 1.04 (0.61-1.79) 0.876
no places 44 15 (34.1) 1.77 (0.79-3.96) 0.168 1.79 (0.77-4.13) 0.173
belonging to a senior club yes 278 60 (21.6) 0.396 1.00
no 146 37 (25.3) 1.29 (0.75-2.22) 0.353
volunteer groups yes 215 49 (22.8) 1.000 1.00
no 209 48 (23.0) 0.78 (0.45-1.37) 0.393
sports groups and clubs yes 253 52 (20.6) 0.195 1.00
no 171 45 (26.3) 1.27 (0.76-2.13) 0.366
hobby groups yes 254 52 (20.5) 0.158 1.00
no 170 45 (26.5) 1.35 (0.81-2.27) 0.250
study and cultural circles yes 183 38 (20.8) 0.414 1.00
no 241 59 (24.5) 1.19 (0.69-2.07) 0.527
activities to share skills and experiences with others yes 107 24 (22.4) 1.000 1.00
no 317 73 (23.0) 0.81 (0.43-1.51) 0.507
talking to people who live alone yes 323 74 (22.9) 1.000 1.00
no 101 23 (22.8) 0.86 (0.49-1.51) 0.595
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