Figure and Table | Impact of Trunk Versus Skeletal Muscle Mass Gain on Balance Improvement in Patients with Cerebral Infarction

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes between Groups with or without Improved BBS.

		BBS improvement	No BBS improvement	p-Value
	Overall	group	group
	(n = 290)	(BBS ≥ MCID group)	(BBS < MCID group)
		(n = 213)	(n = 77)
On admission
Age (years)	78.7 (7.9)	78.9 (7.9)	78.3 (8.0)	0.592
Sex, n (%)				0.183
Men	152 (52.4)	117 (54.9)	35 (45.5)
Women	138 (47.6)	96 (45.1)	42 (54.5)
Type of stroke, n (%)				0.029
Lacunar infarction	91 (31.4)	73 (34.3)	18 (23.4)
Atherothrombotic cerebral infarction	150 (51.7)	100 (46.9)	50 (64.9)
Cardiogenic cerebral embolism	49 (16.9)	40 (18.8)	9 (11.7)
History of stroke, n (%)	90 (31.0)	57 (26.8)	33 (42.9)	0.014
History of fracture, n (%)	38 (13.1)	26 (12.2)	12 (15.6)	0.437
Days from onset to rehabilitation hospital (d)	22.3 (19.7)	21.8 (18.9)	23.6 (22.0)	0.474
BMI (kg/m²)	23.5 (3.8)	23.5 (3.6)	23.7 (4.4)	0.752
NIHSS score (points)	5 [2-9]	5 [2-9]	6 [2-14]	0.287
FIM score (points)	59.3 (20.7)	61.1 (19.6)	54.3 (22.8)	0.013
At discharge
Length of hospital stay (d)	87.4 (38.3)	89.9 (36.4)	80.5 (42.6)	0.063
Rehabilitation volume (min/d)	139.0 (19.8)	141.8 (19.5)	131.4 (18.9)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	23.0 (3.5)	23.0 (3.3)	23.2 (4.1)	0.535
FIM score (points)	89.0 (29.7)	93.4 (26.5)	76.8 (34.4)	<0.001
FIM gain (points)	29.7 (15.9)	32.3 (15.1)	22.6 (15.8)	<0.001

Table 2. Comparison of SMI, TMI, and BBS between Groups with and without Improved BBS.

	Overall	BBS improvement group	No BBS improvement group	p-Value
On admission
SMI (kg/m²)
Men	6.49 (0.99)	6.51 (0.96)	6.43 (1.12)	0.659
Women	5.16 (0.85)	5.27 (0.75)	4.90 (1.01)	0.021
TMI (kg/m²)
Men	7.55 (1.40)	7.62 (1.51)	7.35 (0.96)	0.324
Women	6.35 (0.92)	6.35 (0.89)	6.35 (1.01)	0.978
BBS score (points)	24.2 (18.4)	23.8 (16.8)	25.3 (22.2)	0.547
At discharge
SMI (kg/m²)
Men	6.64 (0.92)	6.64 (0.90)	6.63 (1.01)	0.970
Women	5.29 (0.86)	5.40 (0.71)	5.04 (1.10)	0.023
SMI gain (kg/m²)
Men	0.15 (0.48)	0.14 (0.50)	0.21 (0.43)	0.459
Women	0.14 (0.50)	0.13 (0.47)	0.14 (0.57)	0.968
TMI (kg/m²)
Men	7.52 (1.38)	7.57 (1.48)	7.36 (1.00)	0.434
Women	6.34 (0.90)	6.41 (0.91)	6.19 (0.87)	0.190
TMI gain (kg/m²)
Men	−0.03 (0.36)	−0.04 (0.34)	0.01 (0.40)	0.471
Women	−0.00 (0.47)	0.06 (0.49)	−0.15 (0.38)	0.013
BBS score (points)	35.3 (18.7)	38.6 (16.0)	25.9 (22.2)	<0.001
BBS gain (points)	11.0 (11.2)	14.8 (10.6)	0.6 (4.2)	<0.001
Men	11.9 (10.9)	15.2 (10.4)	0.9 (1.7)	<0.001
Women	10.1 (11.6)	14.4 (10.9)	0.3 (5.5)	<0.001

Table 3. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis for BBS Gain.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	B	95% CI	p-Value	B	95% CI	p-Value	B	95% CI	p-Value
Age	−0.09	−0.24 to 0.06	0.258	−0.11	−0.26 to 0.04	0.153	−0.11	−0.26 to 0.04	0.147
Sex*	2.28	−0.01 to 4.57	0.051	2.27	0.01-4.53	0.049	2.33	0.07-4.59	0.044
Lacunar infarction	−0.69	−4.29 to 2.92	0.708	−0.27	−3.83 to 3.30	0.883	−0.30	−3.87 to 3.27	0.869
Atherothrombotic cerebral infarction	−1.05	−4.28 to 2.19	0.525	−1.22	−4.41 to 1.97	0.452	−1.12	−4.32 to 2.08	0.491
History of stroke	4.08	1.61-6.55	0.001	4.68	2.21-7.16	<0.001	4.72	2.24-7.19	<0.001
NIHSS score on admission	−0.42	−0.68 to −0.16	0.002	−0.40	−0.66 to −0.15	0.002	−0.41	−0.67 to −0.16	0.002
BBS score on admission	−0.40	−0.49 to −0.31	<0.001	−0.41	−0.50 to −0.32	<0.001	−0.41	−0.50 to −0.32	<0.001
FIM score on admission	0.17	0.08-0.27	0.001	0.17	0.08-0.27	<0.001	0.17	0.07-0.27	0.001
Length of hospital stay	0.03	0.00-0.07	0.038	0.03	0.00-0.06	0.044	0.03	0.00-0.06	0.044
Rehabilitation volume	0.11	0.05-0.16	<0.001	0.11	0.05-0.16	<0.001	0.11	0.05-0.16	<0.001
SMI gain	0.03	−2.28 to 2.33	0.983				−1.27	−3.71 to 1.17	0.307
TMI gain				3.72	0.99-6.45	0.008	4.28	1.35-7.20	0.004

Table 4. Multivariate Logistic Regression Results for Increased TMI Using Different Thresholds.

Threshold of TMI gain (>0.01 kg/m²)	Odds ratio	95% CI	p-Value
Age	0.996	0.96-1.03	0.799
Sex*	1.850	1.06-3.26	0.032
NIHSS score on admission	0.989	0.94-1.05	0.700
TMI on admission	0.628	0.48-0.82	0.001
FIM score on admission	0.991	0.97-1.01	0.387
Length of hospital stay	0.997	0.99-1.00	0.361
Rehabilitation volume	0.997	0.99-1.01	0.664
Threshold of TMI gain (>0.05 kg/m²)
Age	1.000	0.97-1.04	0.883
Sex*	1.890	1.07-3.36	0.029
NIHSS score on admission	0.994	0.94-1.05	0.825
TMI on admission	0.626	0.48-0.82	0.001
FIM score on admission	0.993	0.97-1.01	0.480
Length of hospital stay	0.999	0.99-1.01	0.835
Rehabilitation volume	1.000	0.99-1.01	0.975
Threshold of TMI gain (>0.10 kg/m²)
Age	1.020	0.98-1.05	0.356
Sex*	1.800	1.00-3.22	0.049
NIHSS score on admission	1.010	0.95-1.07	0.731
TMI on admission	0.687	0.52-0.90	0.007
FIM score on admission	1.000	0.98-1.02	0.988
Length of hospital stay	1.000	1.00-1.01	0.644
Rehabilitation volume	0.999	0.99-1.01	0.823