Figure and Table | Association between Oral Streptococcus Mutans Counts and Proteinuria in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study Using Chlorhexidine

Table 1. Relationship between S. mutans Abundance and Proteinuria.

From: Association between Oral Streptococcus Mutans Counts and Proteinuria in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study Using Chlorhexidine

Characteristics	S. mutans <10³ CFU/mL	S. mutans ≥10³ CFU/mL	p-Value
0 month	(n = 18)	(n = 39)
Age (yr; mean ± SD)	60.8 ± 18.1	69.2 ± 12.7	0.0478
Sex (M/F)	12/6	29/10	0.5563
Height (cm; mean ± SD)	165.1 ± 12.2	163.6 ± 7.9	0.5907
Body weight (kg; mean ± SD)	63.7 ± 17.9	63.9 ± 15.7	0.9628
BMI (kg/m²; mean ± SD)	23.0 ± 4.1	23.7 ± 4.9	0.5871
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg; mean ± SD)	127.7 ± 15.4	136.7 ± 19.2	0.0843
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg; mean ± SD)	75.0 ± 10.7	76.7 ± 13.8	0.6431
Hemoglobin (g/dL; mean ± SD)	13.0 ± 2.6	11.5 ± 1.8	0.0151
Serum albumin (g/dL; mean ± SD)	4.0 ± 0.5	3.7 ± 0.3	0.032
Serum creatinine (mg/dL; mean ± SD)	2.0 ± 1.4	2.3 ± 1.2	0.3303
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²; mean ± SD)	38.1 ± 21.3	29.6 ± 20.8	0.1619
Urinary protein (g/gCr; mean ± SD)	1.0 ± 0.8	1.9 ± 2.1	0.1170
% Urinary protein ≥2+	33.3	66.7	0.018
Percentage of urinary sediment ≥5 RBC/HPF	0	23.1	0.0263
RAS-I medication rate, %	66.7	59.0	0.5872
6 months later	(n = 18)	(n = 38)
*Number of S. mutans* (log)**	0.5 ± 0.8	4.4 ± 1.5	<0.0001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²; mean ± SD)	38.9 ± 21.1	29.0 ± 20.6	0.1011
Urinary protein (g/gCr; mean ± SD)	1.0 ± 0.6	2.3 ± 2.2	0.0134
% Urinary protein ≥2+	38.9	46.8	0.0388
Percentage of urinary sediment ≥5 RBC/HPF	11.1	23.7	0.277
12 months later	(n = 18)	(n = 33)
*Number of S. mutans* (log)**	0.2 ± 0.7	4.1 ± 1.6	<0.0001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²; mean ± SD)	36.8 ± 21.4	27.5 ± 20.6	0.1251
Urinary protein (g/gCr; mean ± SD)	0.8 ± 0.7	1.7 ± 1.7	0.0162
% Urinary protein ≥2+	27.8	67.6	0.0048
Percentage of urinary sediment ≥5 RBC/HPF	11.1	16.2	0.6221

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Table 2. Relationship between S. mutans ≥10³ CFU/mL and % Urinary Protein ≥2+ at Month 0.

From: Association between Oral Streptococcus Mutans Counts and Proteinuria in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study Using Chlorhexidine

Variables	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	p-Value
Age	1.010 (0.955-1.067)	0.7323
Sex	3.949 (0.821-18.994)	0.0865
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	1.047 (1.003-1.093)	0.0346
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	0.985 (0.948-1.024)	0.4519
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	1.246 (0.823-1.885)	0.2982
RAS-I medication	1.852 (0.452-7.578)	0.3915
S. mutans ≥10³ CFU/mL	4.679 (1.008-21.732)	0.0489

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Table 3. Relationship between the Degree of Decrease in the Number of S. mutans and Proteinuria <0.3 g/gCr after 12 Months.

From: Association between Oral Streptococcus Mutans Counts and Proteinuria in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study Using Chlorhexidine

Variables	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	p-Value
Age	0.934 (0.799-1.091)	0.3873
Sex	1.442 (0.050-42.000)	0.8314
BMI (kg/m²)	0.723 (0.427-1.226)	0.2292
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	1.031 (0.877-1.213)	0.7092
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	1.097 (0.98-1.227)	0.1076
Proteinuria (g/gCr) (month 0)	0.028 (0.001-1.414)	0.0740
RAS-I medication	9.834 (0.082-1179.978)	0.3493
*Degree of decrease in the number of S. mutans* after 12 months**	0.022 (0.001-0.945)	0.0466

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Table 4. Relationship between Reaching S. mutans <10³ CFU/mL and Achieving Proteinuria <0.3 g/gCr after 12 Months.

From: Association between Oral Streptococcus Mutans Counts and Proteinuria in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study Using Chlorhexidine

Characteristics	S. mutans <10³ CFU/mL at month 0 (n = 18)	P-value	S. mutans ≥10³ CFU/mL at 12 months (n = 27)	P-value	S. mutans <10³ CFU/mL at 12 months (n = 6)
Chronic kidney disease subtypes
Rate of IgA nephropathy, %	27.8	0.7555	7.4	0.1334	33.3
Rate of chronic glomerulonephritis, %	16.7	0.9999	18.5	0.9173	16.7
Rate of nephrosclerosis, %	33.3	0.4461	22.2	0.1874	50.0
Rate of diabetic nephropathy, %	22.2	0.3033	48.1	0.0227	0
Month 0
Age (yr; mean ± SD)	60.8 ± 18.1	0.8411	68.1 ± 11.8	0.3721	62.2 ± 14.5
Sex (M/F)	12/6	0.9999	19/8	0.8644	4/2
*Number of S. mutans* (log)**	0.1 ± 0.2	<0.0001	5.2 ± 0.9	0.0014	4.2 ± 0.8
BMI (kg/m²; mean ± SD)	23.0 ± 4.1	0.1952	23.6 ± 4.7	0.2825	25.9 ± 7.0
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg; mean ± SD)	165.1 ± 12.2	0.7015	127.7 ± 15.4	0.2365	136.7 ± 19.2
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg; mean ± SD)	75.0 ± 10.7	0.9343	77.8 ± 14.0	0.6949	75.5 ± 13.0
Hemoglobin (g/dL; mean ± SD)	13.0 ± 2.6	0.3044	11.8 ± 1.7	0.7991	12.0 ± 1.9
Serum albumin (g/dL; mean ± SD)	4.0 ± 0.5	0.3623	3.7 ± 0.4	0.6964	3.8 ± 0.3
Serum creatinine (mg/dL; mean ± SD)	2.0 ± 1.4	0.9008	2.2 ± 1.1	0.5669	1.9 ± 1.1
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²; mean ± SD)	38.1 ± 21.3	0.8802	30.8 ± 22.6	0.5632	36.5 ± 18.9
Urinary protein (g/gCr; mean ± SD)	1.0 ± 0.8	0.6453	2.0 ± 2.4	0.5299	1.5 ± 1.2
Rate of proteinuria <0.3 g/gCr (%)	5.6	0.5572	3.7	0.6824	0
Percentage of urinary sediment ≥5 RBC/HPF	0	0.0017	14.8	0.0185	50.0
RAS-I medication rate, %	66.7	0.4736	55.6	0.2147	83.3
Month 12
*Number of S. mutans* (log)**	0.2 ± 0.7	0.0002	4.6 ± 1.2	<0.0001	2.0 ± 1.0
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²; mean ± SD)	36.8 ± 21.4	0.6688	28.6 ± 21.9	0.6898	32.5 ± 17.8
Urinary protein (g/gCr; mean ± SD)	0.8 ± 0.7	0.9268	1.6 ± 1.5	0.1988	0.8 ± 1.0
Rate of proteinuria <0.3 g/gCr (%)	5.6	0.0028	7.4	0.0028	50.0
Percentage of urinary sediment ≥5 RBC/HPF	11.1	0.7525	18.5	0.9129	16.7

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