JMA Journal

Figure 1. Development of an AI-based automatic surgical skill evaluation system for endoscopic surgery - project overview. JSES: Japan Society for Endoscopic Surgery. OSATS: Objective structured assessment of technical skills. GOALS: Globaloperative assessment of laparoscopic skills.

Figure 2. The laparoscopic energy device (LD), recognized by AI just previously, became unrecognized because its tip was covered.