Figure 1. Vascular biological considerations for increased flow velocity in the development of steno-occlusive negative remodeling. An increase in flow velocity may activate a vicious circle of elevated shear stress, the upregulation of endothelin-1, and vasoconstriction with the proliferation of smooth muscle cells.

From: The Pathogenetic Mechanism for Moyamoya Vasculopathy Including a Possible Trigger Effect of Increased Flow Velocity

Figure 2. A comprehensive view of pathogenetic mechanisms underlying vascular lesions of MMD.

From: The Pathogenetic Mechanism for Moyamoya Vasculopathy Including a Possible Trigger Effect of Increased Flow Velocity

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