Figure and Table | Return to Work after Upper or Lower Extremity Long Bone Fractures: Social Factors in a Japanese Multicenter Cohort Study

Table 1. Patient Demographics.

Parameter	Cases (n = 674) (%)
Age, mean (SD)	47.0 (11.9)
Sex (M/F)	439/235 (65.0%/35%)
Obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²)	Yes: 191 (28.3%)
Obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²)	No: 483 (71.7%)
Current smoking	Yes: 220 (32.6%)
Current smoking	No: 454 (67.4%)
Occupation prior to injury
Physical labor	220 (32.8%)
Others	454 (67.2%)
Nonregular employment
	Yes 192 (28.5%)
	No 482 (71.5%)
Insurance
Worker’s accident compensation	222 (33.0%)
Others	452 (67.1%)
	Medical health insurance: 406
	Automobile liability insurance: 41
	Public assistance: 3
	Unknown: 2
Open fracture	Yes: 105 (15.6%)
	Gustillo*
	Ⅰ: 13 fractures
	Ⅱ: 48 fractures
	ⅢA: 27 fractures
	ⅢB: 15 fractures
	ⅢC: 12 fractures
	Total: 115 fractures
	No: 569 (84.4%)
Lower extremity	Yes: 407 (60.4%)**
	No: 267 (39.6%)
	Humerus: 78 fractures
	Radius or ulna: 222 fractures
	Femur: 124 fractures
	Tibia or fibula: 326 fractures
	Total: 750 fractures
FRI	Yes: 18 (2.7%)
FRI	No: 656 (97.3)
Chronic pain at 6 months after injury (NRS ≥ 4)	Yes: 143 (21.2)
	No: 529 (78.5)
	Unknown: 2 (0.3)

Table 2. Characteristics and Univariate Analyses for RTW at 6 Months Postinjury.

Characteristics (n = 674)	Odds ratio	95% CI	p-value
Age			.077
Sex (men)	0.79	0.52-1.19	.284
Obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m²)	0.93	0.61-1.42	.758
Current smoking	0.58	0.39-0.86	.006
Diabetes mellitus	0.92	0.39-2.40	.833
Physical labor	0.29	0.19-0.43	<.001
Non-regular employment	0.58	0.39-0.87	.007
Worker’s accident compensation insurance	0.48	0.32-0.71	<.001
Open fracture	0.28	0.18-0.45	<.001
Lower extremity fracture	0.66	0.44-0.99	.0037
FRI	0.17	0.06-0.49	<.001
Chronic pain at 6 months post-injury (NRS ≥4)	0.39	0.25-0.60	<.001

Table 3. Characteristics and Multivariate Logistic Analyses with RTW at 6 Months Postinjury.

Characteristics (n = 674)	Odds ratio	95% CI	p-value
Current smoking	0.71	0.47-1.07	.100
Physical labor	0.36	0.23-0.54	<.001
Non-regular employment	0.47	0.31-0.72	<.001
Worker’s accident compensation insurance	0.61	0.40-0.93	.023
Open fracture	0.36	0.22-0.58	<.001
Lower extremity fracture	0.66	0.43-1.01	.056
FRI	0.31	0.11-0.93	.036
Chronic pain at 6 months post-injury (NRS ≥4)	0.41	0.27-0.64	<.001

Table 4. Characteristics and Log-Rank Trend Tests for RTW within 2 Years Post Injury.

Characteristics (n = 674)	Observed cases (%)	p-value
Age		.28
Sex (men)	387 (88.2)	.460
Obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²)	172 (90.1)	.910
Current smoking	195 (88.6)	.440
Diabetes mellitus	27 (79.4)	.450
Physical labor	183 (83.2)	.010
Nonregular employment	161 (83.9)	.130
Worker’s accident compensation insurance	194 (87.4)	.090
Open fracture	81 (77.1)	.004
Lower extremity	358 (88.0)	.320
FRI	9 (50.0)	.010
Pain at 6 months postinjury (NRS ≥ 4)	114 (79.7)	.015

Table 5. Characteristics and Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Analysis for RTW within 2 Years Postinjury.

Characteristics (n = 674)	Hazard ratio	95% CI	p-value
Age	0.996	0.99-1.00	.263
Sex (men)	0.99	0.81-1.21	.928
Current smoking	0.96	0.80-1.15	.636
Diabetes mellitus	0.86	0.58-1.27	.449
Physical labor	0.83	0.68-1.00	.0049
Non regular employment	0.87	0.72-1.06	.178
Worker’s accident compensation insurance	0.93	0.78-1.12	.452
Open fracture	0.76	0.59-0.97	.029
Lower extremity	0.93	0.79-1.10	.416
FRI	0.57	0.290-1.116	.101
Pain at 6 months post-injury (NRS≥4)	0.81	0.656-0.993	.043