JMA Journal
  • Twitter
  • Mail
Table 1. Characteristics of Participants with or without Subjective Hearing Loss.

From: Relationship between Subjective Hearing Loss and Work-related and Somatic Issues in the Working-age Population: A Large-scale Internet-based Cross-sectional Study

Moderate to severe subjective hearing loss Male Female
No (n = 6461) Yes (n = 150) p-value No (n = 7284) Yes (n = 163) p-Value
Age (years) 41.00 [29.00-52.00] 53.00 [37.00-60.00] <0.001 40.00 [29.00-52.00] 50.00 [37.50-57.00] <0.001
20-34 2209 (34.2) 31 (20.7) <0.001 2658 (36.5) 36 (22.1) <0.001
35-49 2209 (34.2) 34 (22.7) 2423 (33.3) 44 (27.0)
50-64 2043 (31.6) 85 (56.7) 2203 (30.2) 83 (50.9)
BMI 22.46 [20.42-24.86] 23.32 [21.12-25.92] 0.015 20.20 [18.67-22.38] 21.23 [18.82-24.06] 0.003
Marital status Married 3118 (48.3) 91 (60.7) 0.003 4018 (55.2) 84 (51.5) 0.4
Single/divorce/bereavement 3343 (51.7) 59 (39.3) 3266 (44.8) 79 (48.5)
Educational level High school and below 1420 (22.1) 32 (21.6) 0.248 1674 (23.7) 60 (38.7) <0.001
Vocational school/college 831 (12.9) 26 (17.6) 2174 (30.7) 41 (26.5)
University and postgraduate 4175 (65.0) 90 (60.8) 3230 (45.6) 54 (34.8)
Alcohol No 590 (9.1) 11 (7.3) 0.262 1156 (15.9) 17 (10.4) 0.032
Past 2143 (33.2) 59 (39.3) 3140 (43.1) 64 (39.3)
Current 3728 (57.7) 80 (53.3) 2988 (41.0) 82 (50.3)
Smoking No 2929 (45.3) 44 (29.3) <0.001 5094 (69.9) 95 (58.3) 0.002
Past 1878 (29.1) 60 (40.0) 1510 (20.7) 42 (25.8)
Current 1654 (25.6) 46 (30.7) 680 (9.3) 26 (16.0)
Work with noise risk No 4922 (76.2) 105 (70.0) 0.098 6561 (90.1) 147 (90.2) 1
Yes 1539 (23.8) 45 (30.0) 723 (9.9) 16 (9.8)
Work type Desk work 2842 (48.9) 59 (44.4) 0.517 2497 (47.3) 58 (49.6) 0.216
Sales work 1321 (22.7) 35 (26.3) 1446 (27.4) 24 (20.5)
Manual work 1653 (28.4) 39 (29.3) 1336 (25.3) 35 (29.9)
Somatic symptoms (SSS-8) 9.00 [6.00-12.00] 17.00 [12.00-21.00] <0.001 10.00 [7.00-14.00] 17.00 [13.00-22.00] <0.001
No to medium 4183 (64.7) 29 (19.3) <0.001 3954 (54.3) 20 (12.3) <0.001
High and more (≥12) 2278 (35.3) 121 (80.7) 3330 (45.7) 143 (87.7)
Vertigo in 3 months No 6225 (96.3) 117 (78.0) <0.001 6735 (92.5) 102 (62.6) <0.001
Yes 236 (3.7) 33 (22.0) 549 (7.5) 61 (37.4)
Sleep disorder in 3 months No 5344 (82.7) 83 (55.3) <0.001 5803 (79.7) 78 (47.9) <0.001
Yes 1117 (17.3) 67 (44.7) 1481 (20.3) 85 (52.1)
Tinnitus in 3 months No 6267 (97.0) 81 (54.0) <0.001 7022 (96.4) 82 (50.3) <0.001
Yes 194 (3.0) 69 (46.0) 262 (3.6) 81 (49.7)
Hypertension No 4999 (77.4) 82 (54.7) <0.001 6523 (89.6) 119 (73.0) <0.001
Past 392 (6.1) 12 (8.0) 252 (3.5) 11 (6.7)
Current 1070 (16.6) 56 (37.3) 509 (7.0) 33 (20.2)
Diabetes No 6047 (93.6) 127 (84.7) <0.001 7079 (97.2) 144 (88.3) <0.001
Past 80 (1.2) 7 (4.7) 58 (0.8) 6 (3.7)
Current 334 (5.2) 16 (10.7) 147 (2.0) 13 (8.0)
Dyslipidemia No 5419 (83.9) 91 (60.7) <0.001 6456 (88.6) 109 (66.9) <0.001
Past 279 (4.3) 9 (6.0) 201 (2.8) 12 (7.4)
Current 763 (11.8) 50 (33.3) 627 (8.6) 42 (25.8)
Mental distress (K6 score) 2.00 [0.00-8.00] 8.50 [2.25-15.75] <0.001 3.00 [0.00-8.00] 10.00 [3.50-17.00] <0.001
No 4024 (62.3) 51 (34.0) <0.001 4349 (59.7) 45 (27.6) <0.001
Yes (≥5) 2437 (37.7) 99 (66.0) 2935 (40.3) 118 (72.4)
Social isolation (LSNS-6) 9.00 [5.00-13.00] 6.50 [2.00-12.00] <0.001 10.00 [6.00-14.00] 8.00 [4.00-12.00] <0.001
No 2303 (35.6) 39 (26.0) 0.019 3062 (42.0) 47 (28.8) 0.001
Yes (<12) 4158 (64.4) 111 (74.0) 4222 (58.0) 116 (71.2)
Presenteeism (WFun) 13.00 [8.00-20.00] 20.00 [13.00-27.00] <0.001 12.00 [8.00-18.00] 19.00 [13.00-25.00] <0.001
No/mild 4501 (77.4) 70 (52.6) <0.001 4338 (82.2) 65 (55.6) <0.001
Moderate/severe (≥21) 1315 (22.6) 63 (47.4) 941 (17.8) 52 (44.4)
Absenteeism 0.00 [0.00-0.00] 0.00 [0.00-0.00] <0.001 0.00 [0.00-0.00] 0.00 [0.00-0.00] <0.001
» Back to article page
Table 2. Multivariable Analysis for Subjective Hearing Loss.

From: Relationship between Subjective Hearing Loss and Work-related and Somatic Issues in the Working-age Population: A Large-scale Internet-based Cross-sectional Study

Male Female
Odds ratio 95% CI (lower) 95% CI (upper) p-Value Odds ratio 95% CI (lower) 95% CI (upper) p-Value
Age
20-34 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
35-49 0.801 0.452 1.421 0.449 1.243 0.704 2.197 0.453
50-64 1.679 0.959 2.942 0.070 2.454 1.342 4.488 0.004
Education
High school and below 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Vocational school/college 1.460 0.793 2.690 0.225 0.556 0.323 0.955 0.033
University and postgraduate 0.914 0.563 1.485 0.717 0.702 0.418 1.180 0.182
Alcohol
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Past 1.247 0.540 2.878 0.606 1.252 0.567 2.767 0.579
Current 1.032 0.453 2.351 0.940 2.305 1.050 5.062 0.037
Smoking
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Past 1.320 0.801 2.176 0.275 1.191 0.734 1.934 0.479
Current 1.515 0.903 2.543 0.116 0.732 0.375 1.429 0.361
Somatic symptoms (SSS-8)
No to medium 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
High and more (≥12) 3.735 2.245 6.214 <0.001 3.088 1.689 5.646 <0.001
Vertigo in 3 months
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Yes 1.474 0.836 2.602 0.180 1.886 1.139 3.121 0.014
Sleep disorder in 3 months
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Yes 1.437 0.948 2.178 0.087 1.588 1.021 2.470 0.040
Tinnitus in 3 months
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Yes 17.519 11.205 27.391 <0.001 14.107 8.786 22.652 <0.001
Hypertension
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Past 1.202 0.584 2.472 0.618 0.861 0.349 2.124 0.745
Current 1.512 0.951 2.404 0.081 1.680 0.918 3.077 0.093
Diabetes
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Past 2.256 0.804 6.328 0.122 2.904 0.749 11.262 0.123
Current 0.779 0.387 1.566 0.483 2.056 0.807 5.238 0.131
Dyslipidemia
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Past 1.007 0.427 2.378 0.986 2.532 1.132 5.661 0.024
Current 1.938 1.200 3.130 0.007 1.780 1.011 3.135 0.046
Mental distress (K6 score)
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Yes (5) 1.715 1.053 2.795 0.030 1.538 0.935 2.530 0.090
Social isolation (LSNS-6)
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Yes (<12) 1.034 0.670 1.594 0.881 0.883 0.560 1.391 0.590
Presenteeism (Fun)
No/mild 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Moderate/severe (≥21) 2.030 1.307 3.152 0.002 2.161 1.350 3.458 0.001
» Back to article page
Table 3. Characteristics of Participants with or without Presenteeism.

From: Relationship between Subjective Hearing Loss and Work-related and Somatic Issues in the Working-age Population: A Large-scale Internet-based Cross-sectional Study

Presenteeism (Fun ≥21) Male Female
No (n = 6,999) Yes (n = 2,354) p-Value No (n = 6,018) Yes (n = 1,550) p-Value
Subjective hearing loss (moderate to severe) No 4,501 (98.5) 1,315 (95.4) <0.001 4,338 (98.5) 941 (94.8) <0.001
Yes 70 (1.5) 63 (4.6) 65 (1.5) 52 (5.2)
Age (years) 42.00 [30.00-53.00] 38.00 [29.00-48.00] <0.001 41.00 [29.00-51.00] 35.00 [27.00-46.00] <0.001
20-34 2,257 (32.2) 945 (40.1) <0.001 2,259 (37.5) 769 (49.6) <0.001
35-49 2,365 (33.8) 871 (37.0) 1,985 (33.0) 523 (33.7)
50-64 2,377 (34.0) 538 (22.9) 1,774 (29.5) 258 (16.6)
BMI 22.49 [20.55-24.80] 22.31 [20.35-24.69] 0.043 20.13 [18.67-22.22] 20.07 [18.51-22.19] 0.129
Marital status Married 3,761 (53.7) 1,142 (48.5) <0.001 3,035 (50.4) 582 (37.5) <0.001
Single/divorce/bereavement 3,238 (46.3) 1,212 (51.5) 2,983 (49.6) 968 (62.5)
Educational level High school and below 1,562 (22.5) 454 (19.4) 0.003 1,426 (23.8) 303 (19.7) <0.001
Vocational school/college 933 (13.4) 304 (13.0) 1,787 (29.8) 414 (26.9)
University and postgraduate 4,450 (64.1) 1,586 (67.7) 2,781 (46.4) 821 (53.4)
Alcohol No 684 (9.8) 269 (11.4) <0.001 991 (16.5) 262 (16.9) 0.313
Past 2,185 (31.2) 902 (38.3) 2,484 (41.3) 666 (43.0)
Current 4,130 (59.0) 1,183 (50.3) 2,543 (42.3) 622 (40.1)
Smoking No 3,099 (44.3) 1,042 (44.3) 1 4,159 (69.1) 1,041 (67.2) 0.336
Past 1,969 (28.1) 663 (28.2) 1,230 (20.4) 336 (21.7)
Current 1,931 (27.6) 649 (27.6) 629 (10.5) 173 (11.2)
Work with noise risk No 5,131 (73.3) 1,669 (70.9) 0.025 5,200 (86.4) 1,322 (85.3) 0.273
Yes 1,868 (26.7) 685 (29.1) 818 (13.6) 228 (14.7)
Work type Desk work 3,328 (47.5) 1,258 (53.4) <0.001 2,768 (46.0) 837 (54.0) <0.001
Sales work 1,597 (22.8) 523 (22.2) 1,690 (28.1) 352 (22.7)
Manual work 2,074 (29.6) 573 (24.3) 1,560 (25.9) 361 (23.3)
Homeworking No 5,240 (74.9) 1,583 (67.2) <0.001 4,965 (82.5) 1,164 (75.1) <0.001
Sometimes 1,143 (16.3) 577 (24.5) 635 (10.6) 251 (16.2)
Frequently 616 (8.8) 194 (8.2) 418 (6.9) 135 (8.7)
Job demand 9.00 [8.00-12.00] 8.00 [6.00-10.00] <0.001 10.00 [8.00-12.00] 8.00 [6.00-10.00] <0.001
Job control 7.00 [6.00-8.00] 7.00 [6.00-9.00] <0.001 7.00 [6.00-9.00] 8.00 [6.00-9.00] <0.001
Somatic symptoms (SSS-8) 8.00 [5.00-12.00] 13.00 [9.00-17.00] <0.001 10.00 [6.00-14.00] 15.00 [10.00-19.00] <0.001
No to medium 4,771 (68.2) 818 (34.7) <0.001 3,402 (56.5) 399 (25.7) <0.001
High and more (≥12) 2,228 (31.8) 1,536 (65.3) 2,616 (43.5) 1,151 (74.3)
Vertigo in 3 months No 5,601 (96.2) 2,032 (90.8) <0.001 5,065 (92.3) 1,260 (83.8) <0.001
Yes 219 (3.8) 207 (9.2) 421 (7.7) 243 (16.2)
Sleep disorder in 3 months No 4,907 (84.3) 1,675 (74.8) <0.001 4,412 (80.4) 1,054 (70.1) <0.001
Yes 913 (15.7) 564 (25.2) 1,074 (19.6) 449 (29.9)
Tinnitus in 3 months No 5,541 (95.2) 2,115 (94.5) 0.188 5,204 (94.9) 1,378 (91.7) <0.001
Yes 279 (4.8) 124 (5.5) 282 (5.1) 125 (8.3)
Hypertension No 5,418 (77.4) 1,680 (71.4) <0.001 5,411 (89.9) 1,356 (87.5) 0.001
Past 389 (5.6) 205 (8.7) 173 (2.9) 72 (4.6)
Current 1,192 (17.0) 469 (19.9) 434 (7.2) 122 (7.9)
Diabetes No 6,483 (92.6) 2,073 (88.1) <0.001 5,829 (96.9) 1,464 (94.5) <0.001
Past 117 (1.7) 98 (4.2) 62 (1.0) 31 (2.0)
Current 399 (5.7) 183 (7.8) 127 (2.1) 55 (3.5)
Dyslipidemia No 5,848 (83.6) 1,847 (78.5) <0.001 5,332 (88.6) 1,335 (86.1) 0.027
Past 305 (4.4) 151 (6.4) 194 (3.2) 59 (3.8)
Current 846 (12.1) 356 (15.1) 492 (8.2) 156 (10.1)
Happiness No 4,838 (69.1) 2,064 (87.7) <0.001 3,714 (61.7) 1,312 (84.6) <0.001
Yes (≥8) 2,161 (30.9) 290 (12.3) 2,304 (38.3) 238 (15.4)
Mental distress (K6 score) 1.00 [0.00-5.00] 10.00 [4.00-14.00] <0.001 2.00 [0.00-6.00] 10.00 [5.00-15.00] <0.001
No 5,049 (72.1) 627 (26.6) <0.001 3,973 (66.0) 351 (22.6) <0.001
Yes (≥5) 1,950 (27.9) 1,727 (73.4) 2,045 (34.0) 1,199 (77.4)
Social isolation (LSNS-6) 9.00 [5.00-14.00] 8.00 [4.00-13.00] <0.001 11.00 [7.00-15.00] 8.00 [4.00-12.00] <0.001
No 2,813 (40.2) 747 (31.7) <0.001 2,832 (47.1) 478 (30.8) <0.001
Yes (<12) 4,186 (59.8) 1,607 (68.3) 3,186 (52.9) 1,072 (69.2)
» Back to article page
Table 4. Multivariable Analysis for Presenteeism.

From: Relationship between Subjective Hearing Loss and Work-related and Somatic Issues in the Working-age Population: A Large-scale Internet-based Cross-sectional Study

Male Female
Odds ratio 95% CI (lower) 95% CI (upper) p-Value Odds ratio 95% CI (lower) 95% CI (upper) p-Value
Subjective hearing loss (moderate to severe)
No 1 [reference] 1 [reference]
Yes 1.719 1.115 2.651 0.014 2.145 1.354 3.396 0.001
Age
20-34 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
35-49 0.895 0.761 1.053 0.183 0.727 0.607 0.870 <0.001
50-64 0.713 0.584 0.870 0.001 0.391 0.306 0.500 <0.001
Education
High school and below 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Vocational school/college 1.064 0.832 1.361 0.620 1.029 0.817 1.297 0.806
University and postgraduate 1.230 1.028 1.471 0.024 1.217 0.983 1.508 0.071
Alcohol
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Past 0.783 0.606 1.013 0.062 0.879 0.694 1.114 0.286
Current 0.725 0.564 0.932 0.012 0.998 0.786 1.268 0.989
Smoking
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Past 1.065 0.900 1.261 0.463 1.063 0.875 1.292 0.539
Current 0.923 0.772 1.103 0.380 0.839 0.638 1.104 0.209
Job demand 0.871 0.849 0.893 <0.001 0.876 0.852 0.901 <0.001
Job control 1.056 1.023 1.090 0.001 1.003 0.967 1.039 0.885
Somatic symptoms (SSS-8)
No to medium 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
High and more (≥12) 1.517 1.306 1.763 <0.001 1.543 1.297 1.836 <0.001
Vertigo in 3 months
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Yes 1.060 0.770 1.459 0.719 1.196 0.922 1.551 0.177
Sleep disorder in 3 months
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Yes 1.047 0.877 1.250 0.611 1.146 0.950 1.382 0.156
Tinnitus in 3 months
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Yes 0.743 0.493 1.118 0.154 1.031 0.698 1.521 0.879
Hypertension
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Past 1.301 0.990 1.709 0.059 1.121 0.725 1.731 0.608
Current 0.925 0.751 1.138 0.459 0.948 0.663 1.355 0.769
Diabetes
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Past 1.043 0.581 1.873 0.888 1.226 0.566 2.657 0.606
Current 0.904 0.638 1.281 0.570 1.058 0.598 1.870 0.847
Dyslipidemia
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Past 1.248 0.902 1.726 0.181 1.293 0.845 1.978 0.236
Current 1.163 0.924 1.463 0.198 1.247 0.927 1.677 0.144
Happiness
No 1 [reference] 1 [reference]
Yes (≥8) 0.899 0.871 0.928 <0.001 0.854 0.824 0.885 <0.001
Mental distress (K6 score)
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Yes (≥5) 3.915 3.358 4.565 <0.001 3.085 2.580 3.690 <0.001
Social isolation (LSNS-6)
No 1 [reference] - 1 [reference] -
Yes (<12) 1.143 0.982 1.330 0.084 1.520 1.281 1.803 <0.001
» Back to article page
PAGE TOP