JMA Journal
  • Twitter
  • Mail
Table 1. Characteristics of Tertiary Medical Areas Stratified by Quartile of PUDI, Mean (SD).

From: Assessing the Association of Physician and Specialist Maldistribution with Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes: Implications for Regulatory Policy

Variables PUDI - Q1 PUDI - Q2 PUDI - Q3 PUDI - Q4 Total
Interquartile range (169.3-177.4) (177.4-231.0) (231.0-279.3) (279.3-329)
N = 12 N = 12 N = 12 N = 11 N = 47
PUDI 184.4 (12.4) 218.8 (8.7) 242.4 (7.2) 280.4 (24.4) 230.5 (37.7)
NPPP (per 100,000 people) 216.5 (20.1) 254.5 (18.9) 276.4 (30.1) 314.0 (27.3) 264.3 (42.6)
NEPP (per 100,000 people) 2.22 (0.65) 2.58 (1.20) 2.97 (0.86) 3.26 (0.83) 2.75 (0.99)
NCPP (per 100,000 people) 8.01 (1.28) 10.20 (1.47) 11.16 (2.03) 11.75 (1.86) 10.25 (2.20)
NCSPP (per 100,000 people) 2.08 (0.29) 2.52 (0.37) 2.49 (0.47) 3.00 (0.52) 2.51 (0.53)
Proportion of people aged ≥65 years (%) 30.9 (2.6) 30.4 (2.3) 30.0 (2.9) 28.8 (3.6) 30.1 (2.9)
Population density (1,000 people/km2) 0.44 (0.55) 0.35 (0.36) 0.61 (0.97) 1.35 (2.07) 0.67 (1.22)
Annual household Income (¥ × 10,000) 286 (24) 290 (20) 293 (24) 298 (35) 292 (27)
Density of designated emergency hospitals (km2/hospital) 173.8 (114.8) 115.2 (72.8) 98.1 (66.2) 76.3 (50.7) 116.7 (87.8)
Traffic volume (×1,000 cars/12 hours) 6.12 (2.62) 5.54 (2.01) 6.36 (3.25) 7.76 (4.73) 6.42 (3.37)
The mean EMTT for all emergency transportation cases (min) 40.6 (3.9) 36.6 (3.3) 38.0 (2.6) 36.4 (5.2) 37.9 (4.1)
The 30-day survival rate of OHCA (%) 11.5 (3.0) 13.0 (3.0) 13.0 (3.1) 16.2 (4.2) 13.4 (3.6)
The 30-day favorable neurological outcome of OHCA in 2018 (%) 7.8 (2.3) 8.3 (2.1) 8.8 (2.2) 10.6 (2.6) 8.8 (2.4)
The mean of 30-day survival rate of OHCA from 2008 to 2020, (%) 10.3 (2.3) 11.6 (3.1) 12.8 (3.2) 14.4 (4.4) 12.2 (3.6)
The mean 30-day favorable neurological outcome of OHCA from 2008 to 2020, (%) 6.7 (2.0) 7.5 (2.3) 8.3 (2.8) 9.2 (3.2) 7.9 (2.7)
» Back to article page
Table 2. The Association between Regional Physician/Specialist Distribution Index and 30-Day Survival Rate of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest over 12 Years Using GEE.

From: Assessing the Association of Physician and Specialist Maldistribution with Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes: Implications for Regulatory Policy

Indices of physician and specialists’ distribution Crude coefficient 95% CIs p Values Adjusted coefficient 95% CIs p Values
PUDI 0.038 0.021 0.056 <0.001 0.043 0.022 0.065 <0.001
Proportion of people aged ≥65 years, (%) - - - - −0.112 −0.447 0.223 0.512
Population density (1,000 people/km2) - - - - −1.757 −3.255 −0.259 0.021
Annual household Income (¥ × 10,000) - - - - 0.000 −0.035 0.035 0.996
Density of designated emergency hospitals (Km^2/hospital) - - - - 0.011 0.002 0.019 0.018
Traffic volume (×1,000 cars/12 hours) - - - - 0.723 0.083 1.362 0.027
EMTT (min) - - - - −0.229 −0.388 −0.069 0.005
NPPP 0.021 0.004 0.038 0.017 0.036 0.018 0.054 <0.001
Proportion of people aged ≥65 years, (%) - - - - −0.406 −0.710 −0.103 0.009
Population density (1,000 people/km2) - - - - −1.751 −3.253 −0.249 0.022
Annual household Income (¥ × 10,000) - - - - 0.005 −0.030 0.040 0.777
Density of designated emergency hospitals (Km^2/hospital) - - - - 0.011 0.002 0.020 0.012
Traffic volume (×1,000 cars/12 hours) - - - - 0.711 0.072 1.350 0.029
EMTT (min) - - - - −0.253 −0.407 −0.099 0.001
NEPP 0.859 0.162 1.556 0.016 0.531 −0.112 1.173 0.105
Proportion of people aged ≥65 years, (%) - - - - −0.275 −0.648 0.098 0.148
Population density (1,000 people/km2) - - - - −0.229 −1.619 1.160 0.746
Annual household Income (¥ × 10,000) - - - - 0.005 −0.035 0.045 0.824
Density of designated emergency hospitals (Km^2/hospital) - - - - 0.005 −0.004 0.014 0.309
Traffic volume (×1,000 cars/12 hours) - - - - 0.127 −0.491 0.745 0.687
EMTT (min) - - - - −0.374 −0.530 −0.217 < 0.001
NCPP 0.283 −0.057 0.624 0.103 0.273 −0.024 0.569 0.071
Proportion of people aged ≥65 years, (%) - - - - −0.429 −0.769 −0.089 0.013
Population density (1,000 people/km2) - - - - −0.192 −1.533 1.149 0.779
Annual household Income (¥ × 10,000) - - - - −0.002 −0.041 0.037 0.915
Density of designated emergency hospitals (Km^2/hospital) - - - - 0.005 −0.004 0.014 0.278
Traffic volume (×1,000 cars/12 hours) - - - - 0.102 −0.493 0.696 0.737
EMTT (min) - - - - −0.346 −0.507 −0.184 < 0.001
NCSPP 1.847 0.488 3.206 0.008 1.438 0.180 2.695 0.025
Proportion of people aged ≥65 years, (%) - - - - −0.318 −0.659 0.022 0.067
Population density (1,000 people/km2) - - - - −0.574 −2.002 0.853 0.431
Annual household Income (¥ × 10,000) - - - - 0.005 −0.034 0.044 0.789
Density of designated emergency hospitals (Km^2/hospital) - - - - 0.005 −0.004 0.014 0.253
Traffic volume (×1,000 cars/12 hours) - - - - 0.225 −0.387 0.838 0.471
EMTT (min) - - - - −0.331 −0.491 −0.170 <0.001
» Back to article page
Table 3. The Association between Regional Physician/Specialist Distribution Index and 30-Day Favorable Neurological Outcome of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest over 12 Years Using GEE.

From: Assessing the Association of Physician and Specialist Maldistribution with Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes: Implications for Regulatory Policy

Indices of physician and specialists’ distribution Crude coefficient 95% CIs p Values Adjusted coefficient 95%CIs p Values
PUDI 0.024 0.012 0.036 <0.001 0.025 0.009 0.041 0.003
Proportion of people aged ≥65 years, (%) - - - - −0.060 −0.312 0.192 0.641
Population density (1,000 people/km^2) - - - - −0.890 −2.017 0.237 0.122
Annual household Income (¥×10,000) - - - - −0.006 −0.032 0.020 0.663
Density of designated emergency hospitals (Km^2/hospital) - - - - 0.005 −0.002 0.011 0.174
Traffic volume (×1,000 cars/12 hours) - - - - 0.401 −0.081 0.882 0.103
EMTT (min) - - - - −0.167 −0.287 −0.047 0.006
NPPP 0.014 0.002 0.026 0.016 0.022 0.008 0.035 0.002
Proportion of people aged ≥ 65 years, (%) - - - - −0.227 −0.454 −0.001 0.049
Population density (1,000 people/km2) - - - - −0.938 −2.058 0.181 0.1
Annual household Income (¥ × 10,000) - - - - −0.003 −0.029 0.024 0.838
Density of designated emergency hospitals (Km^2/hospital) - - - - 0.005 −0.001 0.012 0.121
Traffic volume (×1,000 cars/12 hours) - - - - 0.414 −0.062 0.890 0.088
EMTT (min) - - - - −0.177 −0.292 −0.062 0.003
NEPP 0.572 0.093 1.052 0.019 0.347 −0.111 0.806 0.137
Proportion of people aged ≥65 years, (%) - - - - −0.142 −0.408 0.124 0.296
Population density (1,000 people/km2) - - - - −0.065 −1.057 0.927 0.897
Annual household Income (¥ × 10,000) - - - - −0.003 −0.031 0.026 0.853
Density of designated emergency hospitals (Km^2/hospital) - - - - 0.001 −0.005 0.008 0.675
Traffic volume (×1,000 cars/12 hours) - - - - 0.080 −0.361 0.521 0.721
EMTT (min) - - - - −0.248 −0.359 −0.136 <0.001
NCPP 0.149 −0.087 0.385 0.216 0.098 −0.118 0.314 0.374
Proportion of people aged ≥65 years, (%) - - - - −0.234 −0.482 0.014 0.064
Population density (1,000 people/km2) - - - - 0.096 −0.881 1.073 0.847
Annual household Income (¥ × 10,000) - - - - −0.007 −0.035 0.022 0.636
Density of designated emergency hospitals (Km^2/hospital) - - - - 0.001 −0.006 0.008 0.776
Traffic volume (×1,000 cars/12 hours) - - - - 0.010 −0.424 0.443 0.965
EMTT (min) - - - - −0.243 −0.361 −0.125 <0.001
NCSPP 1.007 0.050 1.964 0.039 0.542 −0.385 1.470 0.252
Proportion of people aged ≥65 years, (%) - - - - −0.193 −0.444 0.058 0.132
Population density (1,000 people/km2) - - - - −0.056 −1.109 0.996 0.916
Annual household Income (¥ × 10,000) - - - - −0.004 −0.033 0.025 0.78
Density of designated emergency hospitals (Km^2/hospital) - - - - 0.001 −0.005 0.008 0.752
Traffic volume (×1,000 cars/12 hours) - - - - 0.059 −0.392 0.511 0.796
EMTT (min) - - - - −0.237 −0.355 −0.119 <0.001
» Back to article page
PAGE TOP