| All (N = 1,556) | Working (n = 562) | Not working (n = 994) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Working for FR (n = 131) |
Working for NFR (n = 203) |
Working for BR (n = 228) |
|||
| Sex (%) | |||||
| Men | 38.2 | 56.5 | 43.3 | 50.9 | 31.8 |
| Age (years; mean ± SD) | 72.9 ± 5.8 | 70.7 ± 4.7 | 72.2 ± 5.2 | 70.6 ± 5.4 | 73.8 ± 6.0 |
| Marital status (%) | |||||
| Married | 64.1 | 63.3 | 70.6 | 66.8 | 62.3 |
| Household composition (%) | |||||
| Living alone | 23.0 | 27.0 | 19.5 | 22.6 | 23.3 |
| Duration of residence (%) | |||||
| < 30 years | 25.6 | 28.2 | 24.4 | 24.2 | 25.8 |
| 30-49 years | 36.8 | 29.8 | 39.3 | 41.4 | 36.1 |
| ≥ 50 years | 37.7 | 42.0 | 36.3 | 34.4 | 38.1 |
| Educational year (%) | |||||
| 6-9 years | 9.7 | 16.3 | 6.5 | 8.5 | 9.8 |
| 10-12 years | 41.3 | 34.9 | 36.7 | 44.4 | 42.4 |
| ≥ 13 years | 49.0 | 48.8 | 56.8 | 47.1 | 47.8 |
| Subjective financial status (%) | |||||
| Affluent | 42.5 | 29.5 | 66.7 | 42.1 | 39.4 |
| Neither | 38.2 | 34.9 | 26.3 | 33.9 | 42.0 |
| Poor | 19.3 | 35.7 | 7.1 | 24.0 | 18.6 |
| Comorbidities (%) | |||||
| 0 | 37.5 | 34.6 | 32.9 | 40.1 | 38.2 |
| 1 | 45.6 | 50.0 | 43.5 | 43.1 | 46.0 |
| ≥ 2 | 16.9 | 15.4 | 23.5 | 16.8 | 15.8 |
| Self-rated health (%) | |||||
| Good | 85.1 | 88.0 | 89.0 | 93.2 | 82.0 |
| IADL score (ranging from 0 to 5; mean ± SD) | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.4 |
| Frequency of community activity participation (%) | |||||
| Non-participation | 28.5 | 33.6 | 28.6 | 28.1 | 27.9 |
| < once a week | 31.5 | 37.4 | 27.6 | 34.2 | 30.9 |
| ≥ once a week | 40.0 | 29.0 | 43.8 | 37.7 | 41.2 |
| Frequency of going out per month (times; mean ± SD) | 29.5 ± 17.5 | 29.9 ± 20.2 | 31.8 ± 19.2 | 31.7 ± 18.6 | 28.3 ± 16.4 |
| Employment type (%)a | |||||
| Self-employed | 37.2 | 45.4 | 40.9 | 29.2 | - |
| Employed | 48.6 | 46.2 | 34.8 | 61.9 | - |
| Other | 14.3 | 8.5 | 24.2 | 8.8 | - |
| Working hours (%)a | |||||
| ≥ 35 hours per week | 42.2 | 48.9 | 40.4 | 39.9 | - |
| Years of current occupationa (mean ± SD) | 23.1 ± 18.3 | 24.2 ± 18.2 | 26.0 ± 17.9 | 19.7 ± 18.3 | - |
| Changes in social isolation status from baseline to follow-up (%) | |||||
| Changed (socially isolated at the follow-up) | 20.1 | 29.2 | 14.6 | 23.7 | 19.2 |
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Employment status (ref: not working) | ||
| Working | 1.01 (0.77-1.33) | 1.12 (0.81-1.55) |
| Sex (ref: women) | ||
| Men | 2.38 (1.85-3.09) | 2.25 (1.62-3.13) |
| Age (every 1-year increase) | 1.01 (0.98-1.03) | 1.00 (0.97-1.03) |
| Marital status (ref: unmarried) | ||
| Married | 1.00 (0.64-1.55) | |
| Household composition (ref: living alone) | ||
| Cohabiting | 1.41 (0.86-2.34) | |
| Duration of residence (ref: < 30 years) | ||
| 30–49 years | 0.74 (0.50-1.09) | |
| ≥ 50 years | 1.12 (0.77-1.63) | |
| Educational year (ref: ≥ 13 years) | ||
| 6–9 years | 1.34 (0.97-1.85) | |
| 10–12 years | 1.14 (0.68-1.91) | |
| Subjective financial status (ref: affluent) | ||
| Neither | 1.10 (0.78-1.56) | |
| Poor | 1.31 (0.87-1.96) | |
| Comorbidities (ref: 0) | ||
| 1 | 1.02 (0.73-1.42) | |
| ≥ 2 | 0.95 (0.60-1.49) | |
| Self-rated health (ref: good) | ||
| Poor | 1.22 (0.82-1.82) | |
| IADL scores (every 1-point increase) | 0.93 (0.65-1.35) | |
| Frequency of community activity participation (ref: non-participation) | ||
| < once a week | 0.45 (0.32-0.65) | |
| ≥ once a week | 0.39 (0.27-0.56) | |
| Frequency of going out per month (every 1-time increase) | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) |
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Reasons for working (ref: not working) | ||
| Working for FR | 1.47 (0.96-2.26) | 1.90 (1.15-3.14) |
| Working for NFR | 0.65 (0.42-1.00) | 0.70 (0.42-1.17) |
| Working for BR | 1.13 (0.78-1.64) | 1.16 (0.75-1.77) |
| Sex (ref: women) | ||
| Men | 2.34 (1.80-3.04) | 2.12 (1.52-2.97) |
| Age (every 1-year increase) | 1.01 (0.98-1.03) | 1.01 (0.98-1.03) |
| Marital status (ref: unmarried) | ||
| Married | 1.03 (0.66-1.61) | |
| Household composition (ref: living alone) | ||
| Cohabiting | 1.41 (0.86-2.34) | |
| Duration of residence (ref: < 30 years) | ||
| 30-49 years | 0.74 (0.50-1.09) | |
| ≥ 50 years | 1.10 (0.75-1.60) | |
| Educational year (ref: ≥ 13 years) | ||
| 6–9 years | 1.33 (0.96-1.85) | |
| 10–12 years | 1.10 (0.75-1.60) | |
| Subjective financial status (ref: affluent) | ||
| Neither | 1.02 (0.72-1.46) | |
| Poor | 1.18 (0.78-1.79) | |
| Comorbidities (ref: 0) | ||
| 1 | 1.03 (0.74-1.44) | |
| ≥ 2 | 0.99 (0.63-1.57) | |
| Self-rated health (ref: good) | ||
| Poor | 1.22 (0.82-1.83) | |
| IADL scores (every 1-point increase) | 0.93 (0.64-1.35) | |
| Frequency of community activity participation (ref: non-participation) | ||
| < once a week | 0.45 (0.31-0.65) | |
| ≥ once a week | 0.39 (0.27-0.57) | |
| Frequency of going out per month (every 1-time increase) | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | |
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Reasons for working (ref: working for NFR) | ||
| Working for FR | 2.22 (1.26-3.89) | 3.65 (1.75-7.61) |
| Working for BR | 1.70 (1.01-2.86) | 1.82 (0.94-3.52) |
| Sex (ref: women) | ||
| Men | 2.15 (1.39-3.30) | 1.69 (0.93-3.10) |
| Age (every 1-year increase) | 0.99 (0.95-1.03) | 0.97 (0.92-1.03) |
| Marital status (ref: unmarried) | ||
| Married | 0.59 (0.28-1.25) | |
| Household composition (ref: living alone) | ||
| Cohabiting | 1.93 (0.85-4.40) | |
| Duration of residence (ref: < 30 years) | ||
| 30–49 years | 0.88 (0.46-1.68) | |
| ≥ 50 years | 1.23 (0.63-2.39) | |
| Educational year (ref: ≥ 13 years) | ||
| 6–9 years | 1.26 (0.72-2.19) | |
| 10–12 years | 1.20 (0.50-2.89) | |
| Subjective financial status (ref: affluent) | ||
| Neither | 0.54 (0.29-1.03) | |
| Poor | 0.78 (0.39-1.57) | |
| Comorbidities (ref: 0) | ||
| 1 | 0.99 (0.57-1.73) | |
| ≥ 2 | 1.29 (0.61-2.72) | |
| Self-rated health (ref: good) | ||
| Poor | 1.32 (0.59-2.96) | |
| IADL scores (every 1-point increase) | 0.88 (0.37-2.06) | |
| Frequency of community activity participation (ref: non-participation) | ||
| < once a week | 0.58 (0.31-1.08) | |
| ≥ once a week | 0.57 (0.30-1.06) | |
| Frequency of going out per month (every 1-time increase) | 1.00 (0.98-1.01) | |
| Employment type (ref: self-employed) | ||
| Employed | 1.47 (0.75-2.88) | |
| Other | 1.49 (0.65-3.44) | |
| Working hours (ref: ≥ 35 hours per week) | ||
| < 35 hours per week | 0.83 (0.46-1.50) | |
| Years of current occupation (every 1-year increase) | 1.00 (0.98-1.01) | |
