Figure and Table | Phase Angle Evaluated by a Bioimpedance Analysis Is Closely Related to Diabetic Nephropathy and Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of the Subjects.

From: Phase Angle Evaluated by a Bioimpedance Analysis Is Closely Related to Diabetic Nephropathy and Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

	N†	%/mean ± SD
Parameters	556	All subjects	Male	Female	P††
		(n = 556)	(n = 369, 66%)	(n = 187, 34%)
Age (years)	556	65 ± 14	64 ± 14	69 ± 13	<0.01
Duration of diabetes (years)	514	13 ± 11	12 ± 11	13 ± 11	0.16
Smoking history (%)	550	52	65	28	<0.01
Current drinker (%)	551	32	44	8	<0.01
Body mass index (kg/m²)	556	25.8 ± 4.9	26.0 ± 5.0	25.5 ± 4.8	0.25
Concomitant medication (%)
Sulfonylureas		8	7	9	0.46
Metformin		43	38	52	<0.01
DPP-4 inhibitors		41	39	44	0.25
SGLT2 inhibitors		35	37	30	0.09
GLP-1 receptor agonists		16	17	16	0.70
Insulin		28	31	22	0.02
Obesity	556	52	54	49	0.22
Hypertension	556	78	81	72	0.02
Hyper-LDL cholesterolemia	556	63	59	73	<0.01
Hypo-HDL cholesterolemia	556	21	27	7	<0.01
Hyperuricemia	556	21	27	7	<0.01
Diabetic retinopathy	507	27	27	26	0.83
Diabetic nephropathy	553	53	55	50	0.25
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	488	43	40	48	0.10
Cerebrovascular disease	556	12	13	10	0.37
Coronary heart disease	556	17	21	10	<0.01
Peripheral artery disease	556	5	5	6	0.52
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	531	140 ± 20	139 ± 20	140 ± 20	0.98
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	531	79 ± 13	82 ± 14	75 ± 12	<0.01
Hemoglobin (g/L)	556	140 ± 19	145 ± 19	130 ± 15	<0.01
Serum albumin (g/L)	547	42 ± 4	42 ± 5	42 ± 3	0.18
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	537	2.66 ± 0.94	2.64 ± 0.97	2.71 ± 0.89	0.32
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	536	1.34 ± 0.37	1.27 ± 0.34	1.47 ± 0.37	<0.01
Serum uric acid (μmol/L)	541	302.4 ± 78.2	318.1 ± 76.4	271.1 ± 72.6	<0.01
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	554	70.4 ± 26.6	69.1 ± 27.4	72.9 ± 24.9	0.11
HbA1c (%)	553	8.5 ± 2.2	8.6 ± 2.3	8.2 ± 1.9	0.07
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	553	69.0 ± 23.8	70.4 ± 24.9	66.1 ± 21.2	0.07
SMI (kg/m²)	556	7.25 ± 1.35	7.82 ± 1.16	6.14 ± 0.94	<0.01
ECW/TBW	556	0.393 ± 0.013	0.391 ± 0.013	0.397 ± 0.010	<0.01
PhA (degrees)	556	5.08 ± 0.97	5.33 ± 0.99	4.58 ± 0.70	<0.01

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Table 2. Patient Age, Duration of Diabetes, and Body Composition Parameters of Patients with and without Diabetic Microangiopathy.

From: Phase Angle Evaluated by a Bioimpedance Analysis Is Closely Related to Diabetic Nephropathy and Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Parameters	Retinopathy			Nephropathy			Neuropathy
Parameters	(+)	(−)	p	(+)	(−)	p	(+)	(−)	p
Male
Age (years)	67 ± 12	62 ± 14	<0.01	64 ± 13	62 ± 14	0.20	68 ± 11	61 ± 15	<0.01
Duration (years)	18 ± 11	11 ± 11	<0.01	13 ± 12	11 ± 11	0.14	17 ± 13	9 ± 9	<0.01
SMI (kg/m²)	7.62 ± 1.24	7.84 ± 0.99	0.09	7.90 ± 1.29	7.72 ± 0.96	0.42	7.53 ± 0.93	7.99 ± 1.13	<0.01
ECW/TBW	0.396 ± 0.013	0.388 ± 0.012	<0.01	0.393 ± 0.014	0.387 ± 0.012	<0.01	0.395 ± 0.012	0.387 ± 0.012	<0.01
PhA (degrees)	4.90 ± 0.86	5.53 ± 0.95	<0.01	5.18 ± 1.00	5.53 ± 0.95	<0.01	4.96 ± 0.87	5.65 ± 0.89	<0.01
Female
Age (years)	72 ± 12	67 ± 14	0.01	70 ± 14	68 ± 13	0.18	71 ± 12	67 ± 14	0.03
Duration (years)	16 ± 12	12 ± 10	0.06	15 ± 11	12 ± 11	0.18	16 ± 11	11 ± 10	<0.01
SMI (kg/m²)	5.93 ± 1.00	6.21 ± 0.93	0.08	6.16 ± 1.00	6.13 ± 0.89	0.80	6.08 ± 0.96	6.10 ± 0.93	0.75
ECW/TBW	0.401 ± 0.009	0.396 ± 0.010	<0.01	0.399 ± 0.009	0.395 ± 0.010	0.01	0.400 ± 0.009	0.395 ± 0.009	<0.01
PhA (degrees)	4.36 ± 0.73	4.66 ± 0.68	0.01	4.48 ± 0.75	4.68 ± 0.63	0.04	4.43 ± 0.68	4.68 ± 0.70	0.02

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Table 3. Odds Ratios of Phase Angle for Diabetic Microangiopathy.

From: Phase Angle Evaluated by a Bioimpedance Analysis Is Closely Related to Diabetic Nephropathy and Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Microangiopathy	OR [95% CI]	p	OR [95% CI]†	p
Male
Retinopathy	0.48 [0.36-0.63]	<0.01	0.50 [0.35-0.73]	<0.01
Nephropathy	0.69 [0.55-0.86]	<0.01	0.64 [0.46-0.86]	<0.01
Neuropathy	0.41 [0.30-0.54]	<0.01	0.51 [0.34-0.73]	<0.01
Female
Retinopathy	0.52 [0.31-0.86]	0.01	0.64 [0.34-1.18]	0.15
Nephropathy	0.65 [0.42-0.99]	0.04	0.59 [0.34-1.01]	0.06
Neuropathy	0.59 [0.37-0.93]	0.02	0.77 [0.43-1.38]	0.38

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Table 4. Associations between Phase Angle and the Clinical Characteristics.

From: Phase Angle Evaluated by a Bioimpedance Analysis Is Closely Related to Diabetic Nephropathy and Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Parameters	Single regression		Multiple regression
			Model 1		Model 2
	β	p	β	p	β	p
Male	0.756	<0.01	−0.019	0.88	0.442	<0.01
Age (/years)	−0.040	<0.01	−0.023	<0.01	−0.030	<0.01
Duration of diabetes (/years)	−0.031	<0.01	0.003	0.35	0.002	0.61
Smoking history	0.224	<0.01	0.041	0.56	0.034	0.64
Current drinker	0.436	<0.01	0.032	0.67	0.018	0.81
Body mass index (/kg/m²)	0.061	<0.01	−0.029	0.03	0.012	0.31
Concomitant medication
Sulfonylureas	−0.384	0.01	−0.080	0.46	−0.077	0.50
Metformin	0.103	0.22
DPP-4 inhibitors	−0.401	<0.01	0.080	0.24	0.049	0.49
SGLT2 inhibitors	0.344	<0.01	0.079	0.25	0.098	0.16
GLP-1 receptor agonists	0.208	0.06
Insulin	−0.074	0.42
Obesity	0.590	<0.01	0.125	0.19	0.119	0.22
Hypertension	−0.350	<0.01	−0.102	0.27	−0.121	0.21
Hyper-LDL cholesterolemia	−0.076	0.37
Hypo-HDL cholesterolemia	0.237	0.02	0.037	0.71	0.018	0.86
Hyperuricemia	0.037	0.72
Diabetic retinopathy	−0.510	<0.01	−0.096	0.21	−0.113	0.16
Diabetic nephropathy	−0.261	<0.01	−0.167	<0.01	−0.178	<0.01
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	−0.598	<0.01	−0.235	<0.01	−0.236	<0.01
Cerebrovascular disease	−0.532	<0.01	−0.039	0.71	−0.149	0.17
Coronary heart disease	−0.255	0.02	−0.063	0.47	−0.055	0.17
Peripheral artery disease	−0.497	<0.01	−0.001	1.00	−0.036	0.82
Systolic blood pressure (/mmHg)	−0.005	0.02	−0.001	0.62	0.000	0.93
Diastolic blood pressure (/mmHg)	0.020	<0.01	0.000	0.92	−0.001	0.74
Hemoglobin (/g/L)	0.028	<0.01	0.006	<0.01	0.006	0.03
Serum albumin (/g/L)	0.101	<0.01	0.059	<0.01	0.055	<0.01
LDL cholesterol (/mmol/L)	0.190	<0.01	0.067	0.07	0.076	0.049
HDL cholesterol (/mmol/L)	−0.530	<0.01	−0.067	0.52	−0.062	0.57
Serum uric acid (/μmol/L)	0.002	<0.01	−0.000	0.56	0.000	0.44
eGFR (/mL/min/1.73 m²)	0.009	<0.01	−0.005	<0.01	−0.006	<0.01
HbA1c (/%)	0.038	0.04	0.032	0.06	0.019	0.28
SMI (/kg/m²)	0.368	<0.01	0.295	<0.01
ECW/TBW	−67.979	<0.01

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