Figure and Table | Clinical Significance of Pregnancies with Macrosomia (Birth Weight ≥ 4,000 g) Compared with Deliveries with Neonatal Birth Weight of 3,500-3,999 g

Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of Pregnancies with Macrosomia Compared with Deliveries with Neonatal Birth Weight of 3,500-3,999 g.

	Control	Macrosomia	P-value
Total number	1139	136
Maternal age < 20 years	10 (0.9)	2 (1.5)	0.50
Maternal age ≥ 35 years	303 (26.6)	48 (35.3)	0.03
Nulliparity	498 (43.7)	50 (36.5)	0.12
Maternal height ≥ 1.6 m	490 (43.0)	63 (46.3)	0.46
Maternal body mass index at prepregnancy ≥ 25	387 (34.0)	55 (40.4)	0.13
Gestational weight gain ≥ 15 kg	68 (6.0)	6 (4.4)	0.46
Gestational age at delivery ≥ 41 weeks	342 (30.0)	58 (42.6)	<0.01
Glucose intolerance	26 (2.3)	6 (4.4)	0.13
Neonatal sex: male	712 (62.5)	87 (64.0)	0.74

Table 2. Perinatal Outcomes of Pregnancies with Macrosomia Compared with Deliveries with Neonatal Birth Weight of 3,500-3,999 g.

	Control	Macrosomia	P-value	OR	95% CI
Total number	1139	136
Elective cesarean delivery
Yes	88 (7.7)	21 (15.4)	< 0.01	2.18	1.3-3.6
No	1051 (92.3)	115 (84.6)	Reference	1
Emergent cesarean delivery
Yes	90 (7.9)	16 (11.8)	0.12	1.55	0.9-2.3
No	1049 (92.1)	120 (88.2)	Reference	1
Vaginal delivery
Yes	961 (84.4)	99 (72.8)	< 0.01	0.50	0.3-0.8
No	178 (15.6)	37 (27.2)	Reference	1
Normal delivery	844 (/961, 87.8)	85 (/99, 85.9)	Reference	1
Vacuum extraction/forceps delivery	100 (/961, 10.4)	8 (/99, 8.1)	0.47	0.76	0.4-1.6
Shoulder dystocia	3 (/961, 0.3)	4 (/99, 4.0)	< 0.01	13.24	3.3-52.4
Severe perineal lacerations	14 (/961, 1.5)	2 (/99, 2.0)	0.65	1.42	0.4-5.6
Postpartum hemorrhage requiring transfusion
	6 (0.5)	2 (1.5)	0.19	2.82	0.7-12.4
	1133 (99.5)	134 (98.5)	Reference	1
Perinatal death
Yes	1 (0.1)	0 (0)	0.73	0	0-32.3
No	1138 (99.9)	136 (100)	Reference	1
Neonatal asphyxia
Yes	15 (1.3)	10 (7.4)	< 0.01	5.95	2.7-13.3
No	1124 (98.7)	126 (92.6)	Reference	1
Umbilical artery pH
≥7.0	1133 (99.5)	134 (98.5)	Reference	1
<7.0	6 (0.5)	2 (1.5)	0.19	2.82	0.7-12.4
Neonatal hypoglycemia
Yes	98 (8.6)	19 (14.0)	0.06	1.73	1.0-2.9
No	1041 (91.4)	117 (86.0)	Reference	1

Table 3. Results of the Multivariate Analysis of the Perinatal Outcomes of Pregnancies with Macrosomia.

	P-value	Adjusted OR	95% CI
Elective cesarean delivery	0.13	1.56	0.9-2.8
Vaginal delivery	0.28	0.80	0.6-1.2
Shoulder dystocia in vaginal delivery	0.01	7.11	1.8-29.1
Neonatal asphyxia	0.03	3.03	1.1-8.2

Table 4. Summary of 7 Cases of Shoulder Dystocia.

Case	Maternal age (y)	Parity	Gestational age at delivery (w + d)	Delivery mode	Neonatal sex	Birth weight (g)	Apgar score at 1 min	Umbilical artery pH
1	32	1	40 + 4	Normal delivery	Male	3,878	6	7.251
2	33	0	42 + 0	Forceps delivery	Male	3,898	7	7.240
3	29	2	39 + 2	Normal delivery	Female	3,902	1	7.271
4	36	1	39 + 5	Normal delivery	Male	4,024	9	7.238
5	35	2	41 + 6	Normal delivery	Male	4,118	4	7.278
6	33	2	41 + 3	Normal delivery	Male	4,290	2	7.239
7	32	0	36 + 6	Normal delivery	Male	4,436	1	6.949