Figure and Table | Loneliness as a Key Factor in Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Vietnamese Migrants in Japan during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study

Table 1. Characteristics and Depression, Anxiety, and Loneliness Status among Vietnamese Migrants in Japan.

Items		All (N = 213)		PHQ-9 ≧ 10 points (n = 53)		GAD-7 ≧ 10 points (n = 30)
Items		n	%	n	%	n	%
Age (year)	(Mean ± SD)	26.8 ± 4.4		26.0 ± 4.1		27.1 ± 4.4
Sex	Male	112	52.6	29	54.7	19	63.3
Sex	Female	101	47.4	24	45.3	11	36.7
Duration of residence in Japan (year)	(Mean ± SD)	4.4 ± 2.5		3.7 ± 2.1		3.5 ± 1.5
Marital status	Married	53	24.9	7	13.2	2	6.7
Marital status	Single, divorced, or widowed	160	75.1	46	86.8	28	93.3
Visa status	Residence based on the nature of activities	24	11.3	6	11.3	4	13.3
	Residence based on employment	74	34.7	18	34.0	6	20.0
	International student	64	30.0	19	35.8	15	50.0
	Technical intern Training (Ginojisshu)	25	11.7	4	7.5	2	6.7
	Skilled labor (Tokuteiginou)	20	9.4	5	9.4	3	10.0
	Other	6	2.8	1	1.9	0	0.0
Japanese language proficiency	Higher proficiency	133	62.4	30	56.6	18	60.0
Japanese language proficiency	Lower proficiency	80	37.6	23	43.4	12	40.0
Education level	Junior high school and under	42	19.7	12	22.6	7	23.3
	High school	60	28.2	17	32.1	8	26.7
	Technical school	1	0.5	0	0.0	0	0.0
	College (2 years) or university	89	41.8	21	39.6	13	43.3
	Graduate school	21	9.9	3	5.7	2	6.7
Subjective socioeconomic status	Good/general	121	56.8	20	37.7	8	26.7
Subjective socioeconomic status	Difficult	92	43.2	33	62.3	22	73.3
Existence of someone to discuss their health with	No	115	54.0	39	73.6	18	60.0
PHQ-9 (0-27 points)	0-9 points	160	75.1	N/A	N/A	6	20.0
PHQ-9 (0-27 points)	10-27 points	53	24.9	N/A	N/A	24	80.0
GAD-7 (0-21 points)	0-9 points	183	85.9	29	54.7	N/A	N/A
GAD-7 (0-21 points)	10-21 points	30	14.1	24	45.3	N/A	N/A
UCLA 3-ILS (3-12 points)	(Mean ± SD)	7.2 ± 2.4		9.2 ± 1.7		9.5 ± 1.8

Table 2. Unadjusted Logistic Regression Analysis with Clinical Depression and Anxiety Disorders as Outcomes (N = 213).

Variables		Depression				Anxiety disorder
		Odds ratio	[95% CI]		P	Odds ratio	[95% CI]		P
Age		0.943	0.875	1.017	0.130	0.866	0.776	0.966	0.010
Sex	Female	1.000			0.720	1.000			0.207
Sex	Male	0.892	0.478	1.664	0.720	0.598	0.270	1.328	0.207
Duration of residence in Japan		0.848	0.724	0.993	0.040	0.791	0.630	0.992	0.043
Education level	College, university, or higher	1.000				1.000
	Technical school	1.433	0.697	2.947	0.328	0.985	0.392	2.476	0.974
	High school or lower	1.450	0.647	3.252	0.367	1.280	0.482	3.400	0.620
Japanese language proficiency	Higher proficiency	1.000			0.312	1.000			0.766
Japanese language proficiency	Lower proficiency	1.385	0.736	2.607	0.312	1.127	0.512	2.483	0.766
Subjective socioeconomic status	Good/general	1.000			0.002^a	1.000			0.001^a
Subjective socioeconomic status	Difficult	2.825	1.487	5.365	0.002^a	4.439	1.874	10.516	0.001^a
Existence of someone to discuss their health with	Yes	1.000			0.001^a	1.000			0.477
Existence of someone to discuss their health with	No	3.079	1.552	6.108	0.001^a	1.330	0.606	2.919	0.477
Status of residence	International students	1.000			0.289	1.000			0.012
Status of residence	Non-students	0.700	0.362	1.353	0.289	0.366	0.166	0.803	0.012
UCLA 3-ILS (3-12 points)		1.892	1.531	2.338	0.000^a	1.935	1.482	2.526	0.000^a

Table 3. Adjusted Logistic Regression Analysis with Clinical Depression and Anxiety Disorders as Outcomes (N = 213).

Variables		Depression				Anxiety disorder
		Odds ratio	[95% CI]		P	Odds ratio	[95% CI]		P
Age		0.991	0.882	1.113	0.878	0.858	0.727	1.013	0.070
Sex	Female	1.00			0.911	1.00			0.119
Sex	Male	1.044	0.491	2.222	0.911	0.463	0.176	1.219	0.119
Duration of residence in Japan		0.880	0.711	1.088	0.238	0.646	0.695	1.253	0.646
Education level	College, university, or higher	1.00				1.00
	Technical school	1.011	0.422	2.422	0.980	0.378	0.111	1.286	0.119
	High school or lower	0.991	0.342	2.875	0.987	0.278	0.067	1.147	0.077
Japanese language proficiency	Higher proficiency	1.00			0.555	1.00			0.889
Japanese language proficiency	Lower proficiency	1.262	0.583	2.732	0.555	0.931	0.342	2.534	0.889
Subjective socioeconomic status	Good/general	1.00			0.673	1.00			0.148
Subjective socioeconomic status	Difficult	1.187	0.536	2.628	0.673	2.191	0.757	6.347	0.148
Existence of someone to discuss their health with	Yes	1.00			0.156	1.00			0.124
Existence of someone to discuss their health with	No	1.786	0.801	3.980	0.156	0.431	0.147	1.258	0.124
Status of residence	International students	1.00			0.878	1.00			0.347
Status of residence	Non-students	0.931	0.375	2.312	0.878	0.597	0.204	1.750	0.347
UCLA 3-ILS (3-12 points)		1.797	1.434	2.251	0.000^a	2.051	0.204	1.750	0.000^a