| Patient characteristics | All N = 288 | Low V2V-BPV group n = 145 |
High V2V-BPV group n = 143 |
p-Value | n (%) Missing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years old | 73 ± 10 | 72 ± 11 | 74 ± 10 | 0.050 | 0 (0%) |
| Female, n (%) | 113 (39.2%) | 54 (37.2%) | 59 (41.3%) | 0.546 | 0 (0%) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 3.9 | 24.0 ± 4.0 | 23.1 ± 3.7 | 0.071 | 0 (0%) |
| BSA, m2 | 1.61 ± 0.20 | 1.64 ± 0.2 | 1.59 ± 0.21 | 0.020 | 0 (0%) |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 125 ± 14 | 125 ± 14 | 125 ± 15 | 0.822 | 0 (0%) |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 69 ± 12 | 70 ± 11 | 68 ± 12 | 0.140 | 0 (0%) |
| Heart rate/min | 70 ± 13 | 70 ± 13 | 71 ± 13 | 0.283 | 0 (0%) |
| V2V-BPV | 8.1 ± 3.6 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 10.9 ± 3.0 | <0.001 | 0 (0%) |
| Number of BP measurements | 6.2 ± 1.7 | 6.1 ± 1.8 | 6.2 ± 1.7 | 0.561 | 0 (0%) |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 63 ± 7 | 63 ± 7 | 64 ± 6 | 0.266 | 0 (0%) |
| Medications, n (%) | |||||
| ACEi/ARB | 161 (55.9%) | 81 (55.9%) | 80 (55.9%) | >0.999 | 0 (0%) |
| β blockers | 160 (55.6%) | 80 (55.2%) | 80 (55.9%) | 0.906 | 0 (0%) |
| MRA | 52 (18.1%) | 26 (17.9%) | 26 (18.2%) | >0.999 | 0 (0%) |
| Statin | 160 (55.6%) | 86 (59.3%) | 74 (51.7%) | 0.236 | 0 (0%) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 134 (46.5%) | 62 (42.8%) | 72 (50.3%) | 0.237 | 0 (0%) |
| Diuretics | 110 (38.2%) | 48 (33.1%) | 62 (43.4%) | 0.070 | 0 (0%) |
| Co-morbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 151 (52.4%) | 72 (49.7%) | 79 (55.2%) | 0.348 | 0 (0%) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 149 (51.7%) | 73 (50.3%) | 76 (53.1%) | 0.639 | 0 (0%) |
| Coronary artery disease | 124 (43.1%) | 59 (40.7%) | 65 (45.5%) | 0.475 | 0 (0%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 27 (9.4%) | 16 (11.0%) | 11 (7.7%) | 0.420 | 0 (0%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 154 (53.5%) | 75 (51.7%) | 79 (55.2%) | 0.557 | 0 (0%) |
| Current smoker | 90 (31.3%) | 44 (30.3%) | 46 (32.2%) | 0.800 | 0 (0%) |
| History of heart failure hospitalization | 89 (30.9%) | 41 (28.3%) | 48 (33.6%) | 0.373 | 0 (0%) |
| NYHA | 0.105 | ||||
| I | 139 (48.3%) | 77 (53.1%) | 62 (43.4%) | ||
| II | 108 (37.5%) | 53 (36.6%) | 55 (38.5%) | ||
| III | 41 (14.2%) | 15 (10.3%) | 26 (18.2%) | ||
| Laboratory test | |||||
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.12 ± 0.33 | 4.16 ± 0.3 | 4.08 ± 0.35 | 0.135 | 97 |
| (33.7%) | |||||
| BUN, mg/dL | 20 ± 11 | 19 ± 13 | 21 ± 8 | 0.167 | 0 (0%) |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.97 [0.83 - 1.18] | 0.93 [0.82 - 1.13] | 1.01 [0.86 - 1.27] | 0.037 | 0 (0%) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 44 ± 16 | 45 ± 14 | 42 ± 17 | 0.106 | 0 (0%) |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 140 ± 2.8 | 140 ± 2.9 | 141 ± 2.7 | 0.596 | 4 (1.4%) |
| HbA1c, % | 6.40 ± 0.84 | 6.36 ± 0.87 | 6.43 ± 0.81 | 0.527 | 16 (5.6%) |
| T-Cho, mg/dL | 171 ± 35 | 171 ± 30 | 171 ± 40 | 0.873 | 14 (4.9%) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.81 ± 1.81 | 13.21 ± 1.64 | 12.41 ± 1.88 | <0.001 | 0 (0%) |
| BNP, pg/mL | 72 [34 - 157] | 61 [28 - 143] | 90 [38 - 216] | 0.030 | 0 (0%) |
| MAGGIC score (points) | 22 ± 7 | 21 ± 7 | 23 ± 7 | 0.004 | 0 (0%) |
| A. All-cause deaths and heart failure hospitalization | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariable Cox regression model | HR | 95% CI | p-Value |
| V2V-BPV, per % | 1.08 | 1.01-1.16 | 0.025 |
| MAGGIC score, per score | 1.17 | 1.12-1.22 | <0.001 |
| Mean systolic BP, per mmHg | 1.01 | 0.99-1.03 | 0.210 |
| BNP, per 10 ng/mL | 1.02 | 1.00-1.03 | 0.015 |
| Number of BP measurements, per time | 1.01 | 0.86-1.18 | 0.920 |
| B. All-cause deaths | |||
| Multivariable Cox regression model1 | HR | 95% CI | p-Value |
| V2V-BPV, per % | 1.120 | 1.00-1.25 | 0.049 |
| MAGGIC score, per score | 1.290 | 1.20-1.38 | <0.001 |
| Multivariable Cox regression model2 | HR | 95% CI | p-Value |
| V2V-BPV, per % | 1.150 | 1.03-1.27 | 0.011 |
| BNP, per 10 ng/mL | 1.040 | 1.02-1.05 | <0.001 |
| A. Determinants of dichotomized high V2V-BPV | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariable logistic regression model | HR | 95% CI | p-Value |
| Hemoglobin, per g/dL | 0.814 | 0.688 - 0.963 | 0.015 |
| BNP, per 10 ng/mL | 1.013 | 0.989 - 1.037 | 0.290 |
| MAGGIC score, per score | 1.035 | 0.965 - 1.110 | 0.330 |
| Creatinine, per mg/dL | 0.849 | 0.525 - 1.373 | 0.500 |
| Age, per year | 0.875 | 0.585 - 1.311 | 0.510 |
| B. Determinants of V2V-BPV as a continuous variable | |||
| Multivariable linear regression model1 | Beta | 95% CI | p-Value |
| Hemoglobin, per g/dL | -0.29 | -0.57 - -0.01 | 0.040 |
| Albumin, per mg/dL | -1.52 | -3.04 - -0.01 | 0.046 |
| BNP, per 10 ng/mL | 0.03 | -0.01 - 0.06 | 0.140 |
