Figure and Table | Associations between Health Interest Scale Dimensions and Obesity Risk: A Cross-sectional Study among Japanese Employees

Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Participants.

From: Associations between Health Interest Scale Dimensions and Obesity Risk: A Cross-sectional Study among Japanese Employees

(N＝2,260)
Categorical variable	Categorisation criteria	Total N (%)	Obesity N (%)	Non-obesity N (%)	Effect size (Cramer’sV)	Chi-square test (p-value)
Sex, N (%)
	Male	1928 (85.3%)	696 (91.3%)	1232 (82.2%)	0.12	<0.001
	Female	332 (14.7%)	66 (8.7%)	266 (17.8%)
Occupational categories, N (%)
	Less Sedentary occupations	980 (43.4%)	305 (40.0%)	675 (68.9%)	0.05	<0.05
	More Sedentary occupations	1280 (56.6%)	457 (60.0%)	823 (64.3%)
Job/Position categories, N (%)
	General staff	2015 (89.2%)	682 (89.5%)	1333 (89.0%)	0.01	0.78
	Management staff	245 (10.8%)	80 (10.5%)	165 (11.0%)
Presence of co-resident family members, N (%)
	Yes	1657 (73.3%)	526 (69.0%)	1131 (75.5%)	0.07	<0.05
	No	603 (26.7%)	236 (31.0%)	367 (24.5%)
Marital status, N (%)
	Yes	1709 (75.6%)	553 (72.6%)	1156 (77.2%)	0.05	<0.05
	No	551 (24.4%)	209 (27.4%)	342 (22.8%)
Age categories, N (%), years
	≤39	115 (5.1%)	36 (4.7%)	79 (5.3%)	0.05	<0.05
	40-49	809 (36.0%)	247 (32.4%)	562 (37.5%)
	≥50	1336 (58.9%)	479 (62.9%)	857 (57.2%)
Obesity related disease, N (%)
	Yes	473 (20.9%)	259 (34.0%)	214 (14.3%)	0.23	<0.001
	No	1787 (79.1%)	503 (66.0%)	1284 (85.7%)

WHO Obesity classification	BMI classification	N	(%)
	Underweight (<18.5)	98	(4.3%)
	Normal (18.5-24.9)	1400	(61.9%)
	Pre-obese (25.0-29.9)	611	(27.0%)
	Obese Class I (30.0-34.9)	122	(5.4%)
	Obese Class II (35.0-39.9)	24	(1.1%)
	Obese Class III (≥40.0)	5	(0.2%)

Continuous variable	Mean±SD
Age, years	50.68±6.82
BMI, kg/m²	23.98±3.82
HIS Score	23.01±5.03
Health Consciousness	7.53±2.12
Health Motivation	7.59±1.99
Health Value	7.90±2.02

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Table 2. Comparison of HIS Subscale Scores between Obese and Non-Obese Groups.

From: Associations between Health Interest Scale Dimensions and Obesity Risk: A Cross-sectional Study among Japanese Employees

(N＝2,260)
Subscale	Obese (Mean ± SD)	Non-obese (Mean ± SD)	Mann-Whitney U	Z	p-value
Health Consciousness	6.95 ± 2.22	7.78 ± 2.17	949,400	-10.42	p<0.001
Health Motivation	7.27 ± 1.97	7.70 ± 1.99	1,058.390	-6.13	p<0.001
Health Value	7.45 ± 2.01	8.15 ± 2.00	970,370	-9.52	p<0.001

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Table 3. Univariable Linear Regression Analysis of HIS Subscales and BMI.

From: Associations between Health Interest Scale Dimensions and Obesity Risk: A Cross-sectional Study among Japanese Employees

(N＝2,260)
HIS subscale	Obesity-related diseases status	B (Coefficient)	95%CI		Standardised Beta	p-value
HIS subscale	Obesity-related diseases status	B (Coefficient)	Lower	Upper	Standardised Beta	p-value
Health Consciousness	Total	-0.096	-0.120	-0.072	-0.166	<0.001
	Present	-0.386	-0.552	-0.219	-0.205	<0.001
	Absent	-0.268	-0.341	-0.195	-0.167	<0.001
Health Motivation	Total	-0.048	-0.069	-0.026	-0.092	<0.001
	Present	-0.436	-0.620	-0.252	-0.210	<0.001
	Absent	-0.090	-0.173	-0.008	-0.051	<0.05
Health Value	Total	-0.089	-0.111	-0.068	-0.169	<0.001
	Present	-0.345	-0.529	-0.162	-0.168	<0.001
	Absent	0.296	-0.376	-0.215	-0.168	<0.001

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Table 4. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis Results of HIS Subscales by Obesity Status (Unadjusted for Obesity-Related Diseases).

From: Associations between Health Interest Scale Dimensions and Obesity Risk: A Cross-sectional Study among Japanese Employees

(N=2,260)
Variable	Categorisation criteria	Health Consciousness				Health Motivation				Health Value
		Odds Ratio	95%CI		p-value	Odds Ratio	95%CI		p-value	Odds Ratio	95%CI		p-value
		Odds Ratio	Lower	Upper	p-value	Odds Ratio	Lower	Upper	p-value	Odds Ratio	Lower	Upper	p-value
Subscales
	Continuous variables	0.84	0.81	0.88	<0.001	0.91	0.87	0.95	<0.001	0.85	0.81	0.89	<0.001
Sex
	Female	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Male	2.06	1.52	2.79	<0.001	2.12	1.57	2.86	<0.001	1.99	1.47	2.70	<0.001
Age
	Continuous variables	1.02	1.00	1.03	<0.05	1.01	0.99	1.02	0.19	1.02	1.00	1.03	<0.05
Occupational categories
	Less sedentary occupations	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	More sedentary occupations	1.24	1.03	1.49	<0.05	1.24	1.03	1.48	<0.05	1.25	1.04	1.50	<0.05
Job Position Categories
	General staff	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Management staff	0.90	0.67	1.21	0.50	0.90	0.68	1.21	0.50	0.91	0.68	1.22	0.53
Presence of co-resident family members
	Yes	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	No	1.19	0.93	1.54	0.17	1.18	0.92	1.51	0.20	1.19	0.93	1.53	0.17
Marital status
	Yes	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	No	1.12	0.86	1.45	0.42	1.15	0.88	1.49	0.22	1.13	0.87	1.47	0.35
Daily sleep duration
	7 hours or more	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Less than 7 hours	1.33	1.08	1.63	<0.05	1.35	1.10	1.66	<0.001	1.29	1.05	1.59	<0.05
Smoking
	Non-smoker or quit	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Smoker	1.10	0.86	1.41	0.45	1.17	0.91	1.49	0.22	1.07	0.84	1.38	0.58
Daily walking time
	60 minutes or more	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Less than 60 minutes	0.95	0.69	1.30	0.74	1.02	0.74	1.39	0.92	0.98	0.72	1.35	0.92
Breakfast intake
	Daily or occasionally	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	None	1.10	0.90	1.34	0.35	1.19	0.98	1.44	0.08	1.17	0.96	1.43	0.11
Snack intake
	Never or sometimes	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Every day	0.66	0.51	0.87	<0.05	0.68	0.53	0.88	<0.001	0.69	0.53	0.90	<0.001

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Table 5. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis Results of HIS Subscales by Obesity Status (Adjusted for Obesity-Related Diseases).

From: Associations between Health Interest Scale Dimensions and Obesity Risk: A Cross-sectional Study among Japanese Employees

(N=2,260)
Variable	Categorisation criteria	Health Consciousness				Health Motivation				Health Value
		Odds Ratio	95%CI		p-value	Odds Ratio	95%CI		p-value	Odds Ratio	95%CI		p-value
		Odds Ratio	Lower	Upper	p-value	Odds Ratio	Lower	Upper	p-value	Odds Ratio	Lower	Upper	p-value
Subscales
	Continuous variables	0.84	0.80	0.88	<0.001	0.91	0.87	0.95	<0.001	0.85	0.81	0.89	<0.001
Sex
	Female	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Male	1.84	1.36	2.50	<0.001	1.90	1.40	2.57	<0.001	1.79	1.32	2.44	<0.001
Age
	Continuous variables	1.00	0.99	1.02	0.64	0.99	0.98	1.01	0.55	1.00	0.99	1.02	0.87
Occupational categories
	Less Sedentary occupations	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	More Sedentary occupations	1.25	1.03	1.51	<0.05	1.25	1.03	1.50	<0.05	1.25	1.04	1.51	<0.05
Job position categories
	General staff	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Management staff	0.93	0.69	1.26	0.64	0.93	0.69	1.25	0.64	0.94	0.69	1.27	0.67
Presence of co-resident family members
	Yes	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	No	1.15	0.89	1.49	0.30	1.13	0.88	1.46	0.34	1.15	0.89	1.49	0.29
Marital status
	Yes	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	No	1.07	0.82	1.41	0.62	1.11	0.85	1.45	0.46	1.09	0.83	1.43	0.53
Daily sleep duration
	7 hours or more	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Less than 7 hours	1.39	1.12	1.72	<0.05	1.40	1.14	1.73	<0.05	1.34	1.09	1.66	<0.05
Smoking
	Non-smoker or quit	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Smoker	1.10	0.86	1.42	0.45	1.19	0.92	1.52	0.19	1.09	0.85	1.41	0.49
Daily walking time
	60 minutes or more	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Less than 60 minutes	0.94	0.68	1.29	0.70	1.01	0.73	1.39	0.96	0.98	0.71	1.35	0.89
Breakfast intake
	Daily or occasionally	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	None	1.09	0.89	1.33	0.43	1.18	0.97	1.44	0.09	1.17	0.96	1.42	0.13
Snack intake
	Never or sometimes	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Everyday	0.69	0.52	0.90	<0.05	0.71	0.54	0.92	<0.05	0.72	0.55	0.94	<0.05
Obesity-related diseases
	No	Ref.				Ref.				Ref.
	Yes	3.04	2.43	3.79	<0.001	2.96	2.38	3.68	<0.001	2.94	2.36	3.67	<0.001

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