Table 1. Changes in the Characteristics of Patients with Chronic Heart Failure/Contents of Medical Services.

From: The Heart Failure “Pandemic” in Japan: Reconstruction of Health Care System in the Highly Aged Society

Heart failure previously treated Geriatric heart failure
Age Young persons Elderly persons
Life environment Employed persons/family Persons living alone/elderly husbands and wives
Left ventricular function Decrease in the ejection fraction Normal ejection fraction
Complication Absent Concomitant presence of various diseases/frailty
Cause of readmission Reduction of exercise tolerance Insufficient control/other diseases
Category of disease Chronic disease Fatal disease
Reason for death Ejection fraction reduction/congestion/sudden death Other diseases/systemic weakness
Goal of treatment Rehabilitation/lifetime prolongation Health expectancy prolongation/quality of life improvement
Initiative in treatment Medical side Patient side
Primary persons responsible for treatment Physicians/nurses Multi-occupational/medical team
Place of treatment Admission Outpatient clinic/home
Table 2. Multiple Occupations Involved in Heart Failure Treatment.

From: The Heart Failure “Pandemic” in Japan: Reconstruction of Health Care System in the Highly Aged Society

Physician: Cardiologist, home doctor (practitioner, in-home doctor), cardiac surgeon, ophthalmologist, dentist, orthopedist, psychiatrist
Nurse
Pharmacist
Dietitian
Physical therapist
Clinical technologist
Social worker
Care manager
Person in charge of welfare in a regional administrative area
Table 3. Resources/Factors Necessary for Future Heart Failure Control.

From: The Heart Failure “Pandemic” in Japan: Reconstruction of Health Care System in the Highly Aged Society

Cooperation path
Patient notebook
Multi-occupational conference before discharge
Medical information sharing among healthcare professionals (multi-occupational conference)
Medical information sharing by regional core hospitals/home doctors (study meeting)
Joint ownership/Cloud utilization for electronic charts
Telemedicine devices
Regional rehabilitation center
Basic law on disease control
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