Table 1. Demographic Characteristics (All Women, N = 2,000)1).

From: Association of Women’s Health Literacy and Work Productivity among Japanese Workers: A Web-based, Nationwide Survey

High Health Literacy (Score ≧ 56)   Low Health Literacy (Score ≦ 55) Statistical test (degrees of freedom), test
statistic
p-value
n (%) Mean SD2) n (%) Mean SD2)
Age 1,015 35.9 (8.9) 985 35.8 (14.0) F (1, 1998) = 0.137 0.712
Age groups χ2 (2) = 0.538 0.764
 under 29 298 (29.4) 303 (30.8)
 30-39 331 (32.6) 310 (31.5)
 40-49 386 (38.0) 372 (37.8)
Number of children
 None 792 (72.1) 802 (81.4)
 One 154 (15.2) 90 (9.1) χ2 (3) = 25.791 < 0.001
 Two 92 (9.1) 70 (7.1)
 Three or more 37 (3.6) 23 (2.3)
Education
 Junior college or under 454 (44.7) 544 (55.2) χ2 (1) = 22.042 < 0.001
 Four-year college or over 561 (55.3) 441 (44.8)
Employment status
 Full-time regular staff 782 (77.0) 745 (75.6) χ2 (1) = 0.550 0.458
 Full-time temporary staff 233 (23.0) 240 (24.4)
Presence of underlying gynecological diseases
 Yes 312 (30.7) 169 (17.2) χ2 (1) = 22.042 < 0.001
 No 703 (69.3) 816 (82.8)
Work performance
 Absenteeism (HPQ score) 1,015 21.5 (54.2) 985 20.5 (55.3) F (1,1998) = 0.164 0.685
 Presenteeism (HPQ score) 1,015 65.5 (18.5) 985 57.1 (17.5) F (1,1998) = 86.240 < 0.001
 Presenteeism while experiencing PMS 1,015 59.7 (21.2) 985 58.1 (21.7) F (1,1998) = 2.864 0.091
Health behaviors for menstrual abnormalities
 Yes 354 (34.9) 187 (19.0) χ2 (1) = 70.407 < 0.001
 No 178 (17.5) 264 (26.8)
 No reported symptoms 483 (47.6) 534 (54.2)
Health behaviors for PMS
 Yes 302 (29.8) 168 (17.1) χ2 (1) = 49.368 < 0.001
 No 408 (40.2) 423 (42.9)
 No reported symptoms 305 (30.0) 394 (40.0)
Table 2. Association between Health Literacy Levels (High or Low) and Work Performance (All Women, N=2,000)1).

From: Association of Women’s Health Literacy and Work Productivity among Japanese Workers: A Web-based, Nationwide Survey

  Absenteeism (HPQ score)   Presenteeism (HPQ score)   Presenteeism while experiencing PMS3)
Health Literacy (HL) n Adjusted mean SE2) 95%CI2) n Adjusted mean SE2) 95%CI2) n Adjusted mean SE2) 95%CI2)
Model 14)
 High HL (Score ≧56) 1,015 21.3 (1.7) (18.33-25.01)   1,015 64.6 (0.6) (63.52-65.73)   1,015 60.6 (0.7) (58.69-61.37)
 Low HL (Score ≦55) 985 20.3 (1.7) (16.90-23.74) 985 57.0 (0.6) (55.85-58.10)   985 57.8 (0.7) (56.43-59.16)
p = 0.576 p < 0.001 p = 0.023
Model 25)
 High HL (Score ≧56) 710 18.9 (2.0) (15.01-22.77) 710 63.9 (0.7) (62.54-65.24)   710 57.6 (0.8) (56.02-59.20)
 Low HL (Score ≦55) 591 21.0 (2.1) (16.82-25.25) 591 55.6 (0.8) (54.01-57.04) 591 54.6 (0.9) (52.83-56.32)
p = 0.474 p < 0.001 p = 0.013
Table 3. Association between Health Literacy Levels (High or Low) and Coping Behaviors for Menstrual Abnormalities or PMS (All Women).

From: Association of Women’s Health Literacy and Work Productivity among Japanese Workers: A Web-based, Nationwide Survey

Health behaviors for menstrual abnormalities3) Health behaviors for PMS4)
n OR2) 95% CI2) p-value   n OR2) 95% CI2) p-value
Health Literacy (HL)
 High HL (Score ≧56) 532 2.82 (2.16-3.67) < 0.001 710 1.86 (1.47-2.36) < 0.001
 Low HL (Score ≦55) 451 1.00 < 0.001 591 1.00 < 0.001
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