n (%) | |
---|---|
Age range (years) | |
18–19 | 136 (18.9) |
20–22 | 487 (67.5) |
23–30 | 98 (13.6) |
Male gender | 218 (30.2) |
Course duration | |
6-year university course | 103 (14.3) |
4-year university course | 618 (85.7) |
Field of study | |
Science and engineering | 83 (11.5) |
Medicine | 170 (23.6) |
Literature | 272 (37.7) |
Others | 196 (27.2) |
No leisure-time physical activity | 446 (61.9) |
Skipping breakfast | 182 (25.2) |
Living alone | 251 (34.8) |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Poor student performance (presenteeism, ≤40) | 1 | 0.16*** | 0.22*** | -0.08* | 0.16*** | 0.20*** | 0.19*** | 0.20*** | 0.16*** |
2. Low attendance (< 80%) | 1 | 0.02 | 0.01 | -0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 | |
(Autistic traits) | |||||||||
3. AQ Short (quartiles) | 1 | 0.05 | 0.59*** | 0.53*** | 0.71*** | 0.49*** | 0.15*** | ||
(Autistic trait subcomponents) | |||||||||
4. Numbers/patterns (quartiles) | 1 | -0.18*** | -0.14*** | -0.20*** | -0.29*** | 0.06 | |||
5. Imagination (quartiles) | 1 | 0.25*** | 0.32*** | 0.32*** | 0.11** | ||||
6. Routine (quartiles) | 1 | 0.35*** | 0.37*** | 0.14*** | |||||
7. Social skills (quartiles) | 1 | 0.34*** | 0.05 | ||||||
8. Switching (quartiles) | 1 | 0.14*** | |||||||
(ADHD traits) | |||||||||
9. ASRS (quartiles) | 1 |
Poor Performance | Low Attendance | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (presenteeism scores ≤40) |
No (presenteeism scores >40) |
p | Yes (class attendance <80%) | No (class attendance ≥80%) | p | |||||
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |||
Age range (years) | ||||||||||
18–19 | 50 | (21.6) | 86 | (17.6) | 0.375 | 18 | (14.8) | 118 | (19.7) | 0.255 |
20–22 | 154 | (66.4) | 333 | (68.1) | 83 | (68.0) | 404 | (67.4) | ||
23–30 | 28 | (12.1) | 70 | (14.3) | 21 | (17.2) | 77 | (12.9) | ||
Male gender | 66 | (28.4) | 152 | (31.1) | 0.472 | 44 | (36.1) | 174 | (29.0) | 0.124 |
Course duration | ||||||||||
6-year university course | 29 | (12.5) | 74 | (15.1) | 0.345 | 12 | (9.8) | 91 | (15.2) | 0.123 |
4-year university course | 203 | (87.5) | 415 | (84.9) | 110 | (90.2) | 508 | (84.8) | ||
Field of study | ||||||||||
Science and engineering | 26 | (11.2) | 57 | (11.7) | 0.808 | 9 | (7.4) | 74 | (12.4) | 0.001 |
Medicine | 57 | (24.6) | 113 | (23.1) | 18 | (14.8) | 152 | (25.4) | ||
Literature | 91 | (39.2) | 181 | (37.0) | 64 | (52.5) | 208 | (34.7) | ||
Others | 58 | (25.0) | 138 | (28.2) | 31 | (25.4) | 165 | (27.5) | ||
No leisure-time physical activity | 159 | (68.5) | 287 | (58.7) | 0.011 | 76 | (62.3) | 370 | (61.8) | 0.913 |
Skipping breakfast | 68 | (29.3) | 114 | (23.3) | 0.083 | 47 | (38.5) | 135 | (22.5) | <0.001 |
Living alone | 79 | (34.1) | 172 | (35.2) | 0.768 | 45 | (36.9) | 206 | (34.4) | 0.598 |
Range of scores | No. of participants | No. of poor performance | Univariate | Multivariatea | Multivariateb | |||||
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |||||
Autistic traits | ||||||||||
AQ-Short | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 40–66 | 197 | 44 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Quartile | 67–70 | 182 | 43 | 1.08 (0.67–1.74) | 0.765 | 1.03 (0.63–1.68) | 0.915 | |||
3rd Quartile | 71–75 | 192 | 70 | 2.00 (1.28–3.12) | 0.002 | 1.92 (1.21–3.04) | 0.006 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 76–104 | 150 | 75 | 3.48 (2.19–5.53) | <0.001 | 3.07 (1.90–4.96) | <0.001 | |||
Autistic trait subcomponents | ||||||||||
Numbers/patterns | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 5–9 | 192 | 75 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Quartile | 10–11 | 192 | 61 | 0.73 (0.48–1.11) | 0.136 | 0.90 (0.56–1.46) | 0.675 | |||
3rd Quartile | 12–13 | 166 | 44 | 0.56 (0.36–0.88) | 0.012 | 0.76 (0.45–1.26) | 0.285 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 14–20 | 171 | 52 | 0.68 (0.44–1.05) | 0.085 | 1.01 (0.60–1.70) | 0.968 | |||
Imagination | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 8–18 | 236 | 60 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Quartile | 19–20 | 198 | 57 | 1.19 (0.78–1.81) | 0.432 | 1.16 (0.73–1.84) | 0.523 | |||
3rd Quartile | 21–22 | 159 | 51 | 1.39 (0.89–2.16) | 0.150 | 1.11 (0.68–1.81) | 0.670 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 23–32 | 128 | 64 | 2.93 (1.86–4.62) | <0.001 | 1.51 (0.88–2.59) | 0.132 | |||
Routine | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 4–9 | 169 | 31 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Quartile | 10–10 | 173 | 57 | 2.19 (1.32–3.62) | 0.002 | 2.03 (1.19–3.48) | 0.010 | |||
3rd Quartile | 11–11 | 164 | 43 | 1.58 (0.94–2.67) | 0.085 | 1.37 (0.78–2.40) | 0.280 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 12–16 | 215 | 101 | 3.94 (2.46–6.33) | <0.001 | 2.39 (1.38–4.13) | 0.002 | |||
Social skills | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 7–15 | 186 | 48 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Quartile | 16–18 | 225 | 53 | 0.89 (0.57–1.39) | 0.598 | 0.78 (0.48–1.27) | 0.321 | |||
3rd Quartile | 19–21 | 175 | 59 | 1.46 (0.93–2.3) | 0.101 | 1.18 (0.71–1.97) | 0.515 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 22–28 | 135 | 72 | 3.29 (2.05–5.26) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.03–3.18) | 0.040 | |||
Switching | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 6–9 | 214 | 51 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Quartile | 10–11 | 274 | 77 | 1.25 (0.83–1.88) | 0.288 | 1.03 (0.66–1.62) | 0.893 | |||
3rd Quartile | 12–12 | 111 | 37 | 1.60 (0.97–2.65) | 0.069 | 0.99 (0.55–1.78) | 0.969 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 13–16 | 122 | 67 | 3.89 (2.42–6.26) | <0.001 | 1.78 (1.00–3.15) | 0.050 | |||
ADHD traits | ||||||||||
ASRS | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 0–7 | 174 | 43 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
2nd Quartile | 8–8 | 141 | 36 | 1.05 (0.63–1.74) | 0.868 | 1.02 (0.60–1.73) | 0.952 | 1.23 (0.71–2.15) | 0.459 | |
3rd Quartile | 9–9 | 232 | 75 | 1.46 (0.94–2.26) | 0.095 | 1.22 (0.77–1.93) | 0.408 | 1.35 (0.83–2.20) | 0.220 | |
4th Quartile (highest) | 10–20 | 174 | 78 | 2.48 (1.57–3.91) | <0.001 | 2.13 (1.32–3.42) | 0.002 | 2.24 (1.35–3.69) | 0.002 |
Range of scores | No. of participants | No. of low class attendance | Univariate | Multivariatea | Multivariateb | |||||
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |||||
Autistic traits | ||||||||||
AQ-Short | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 40–66 | 197 | 34 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Quartile | 67–70 | 182 | 27 | 0.84 (0.48–1.45) | 0.522 | 0.84 (0.47–1.48) | 0.536 | |||
3rd Quartile | 71–75 | 192 | 33 | 1.00 (0.59–1.68) | 0.985 | 0.92 (0.53–1.60) | 0.768 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 76–104 | 150 | 28 | 1.10 (0.63–1.91) | 0.735 | 1.00 (0.56–1.79) | 0.996 | |||
Autistic trait subcomponents | ||||||||||
Numbers/patterns | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 5–9 | 192 | 32 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Quartile | 10–11 | 192 | 29 | 0.89 (0.51–1.54) | 0.675 | 1.05 (0.57–1.91) | 0.883 | |||
3rd Quartile | 12–13 | 166 | 33 | 1.24 (0.72–2.12) | 0.432 | 1.68 (0.92–3.07) | 0.094 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 14–20 | 171 | 28 | 0.98 (0.56–1.71) | 0.940 | 1.09 (0.57–2.08) | 0.802 | |||
Imagination | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 8–18 | 236 | 41 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Quartile | 19–20 | 198 | 34 | 0.99 (0.60–1.63) | 0.956 | 0.92 (0.53–1.58) | 0.759 | |||
3rd Quartile | 21–22 | 159 | 25 | 0.89 (0.52–1.53) | 0.667 | 0.74 (0.41–1.35) | 0.325 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 23–32 | 128 | 22 | 0.99 (0.56–1.74) | 0.964 | 0.86 (0.44–1.69) | 0.661 | |||
Routine | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 4–9 | 169 | 26 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Quartile | 10–10 | 173 | 27 | 1.02 (0.57–1.83) | 0.955 | 1.03 (0.55–1.93) | 0.935 | |||
3rd Quartile | 11–11 | 164 | 30 | 1.23 (0.69–2.19) | 0.479 | 1.35 (0.72–2.54) | 0.347 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 12–16 | 215 | 39 | 1.22 (0.71–2.10) | 0.475 | 1.17 (0.61–2.24) | 0.635 | |||
Social skills | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 7–15 | 186 | 37 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Quartile | 16–18 | 225 | 29 | 0.60 (0.35–1.01) | 0.056 | 0.54 (0.31–0.96) | 0.036 | |||
3rd Quartile | 19–21 | 175 | 27 | 0.74 (0.43–1.27) | 0.268 | 0.64 (0.35–1.17) | 0.147 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 22–28 | 135 | 29 | 1.10 (0.64–1.90) | 0.728 | 0.91 (0.47–1.78) | 0.780 | |||
Switching | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 6–9 | 214 | 36 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Quartile | 10–11 | 274 | 43 | 0.92 (0.57–1.49) | 0.737 | 0.89 (0.52–1.51) | 0.659 | |||
3rd Quartile | 12–12 | 111 | 13 | 0.66 (0.33–1.30) | 0.224 | 0.75 (0.35–1.61) | 0.459 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 13–16 | 122 | 30 | 1.61 (0.93–2.78) | 0.086 | 1.49 (0.76–2.92) | 0.244 | |||
ADHD traits | ||||||||||
ASRS | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 0–7 | 174 | 26 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
2nd Quartile | 8–8 | 141 | 16 | 0.73 (0.37–1.42) | 0.352 | 0.76 (0.39–1.51) | 0.439 | 0.82 (0.41–1.67) | 0.586 | |
3rd Quartile | 9–9 | 232 | 45 | 1.37 (0.81–2.32) | 0.243 | 1.43 (0.82–2.48) | 0.207 | 1.54 (0.87–2.73) | 0.140 | |
4th Quartile (highest) | 10–20 | 174 | 35 | 1.43 (0.82–2.50) | 0.206 | 1.45 (0.81–2.59) | 0.209 | 1.45 (0.79–2.64) | 0.227 |
Range of scores | No. of participants | No. of cases | Univariate | Multivariatea | ||||
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |||||
Autistic traits | ||||||||
AQ-Short | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 40–66 | 197 | 44 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
2nd Quartile | 67–70 | 182 | 43 | 1.08 (0.67–1.74) | 0.765 | 1.04 (0.63–1.70) | 0.884 | |
3rd Quartile | 71–75 | 192 | 70 | 2.00 (1.28–3.12) | 0.002 | 1.93 (1.21–3.08) | 0.006 | |
4th Quartile (highest) | 76–104 | 150 | 75 | 3.48 (2.19–5.53) | <0.001 | 2.85 (1.76–4.63) | <0.001 | |
ADHD trait subcomponents | ||||||||
Inattention | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 0–3 | 110 | 28 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
2nd Quartile | 4 | 222 | 56 | 0.99 (0.58–1.67) | 0.964 | 0.99 (0.57–1.72) | 0.969 | |
3rd Quartile | 5 | 342 | 121 | 1.60 (0.99–2.60) | 0.055 | 1.38 (0.82–2.33) | 0.224 | |
4th Quartile (highest) | 6–11 | 47 | 27 | 3.95 (1.92–8.12) | <0.001 | 2.88 (1.32–6.26) | 0.008 | |
Hyperactivity–impulsivity | 1st Tertile (lowest) | 0–3 | 135 | 38 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
2nd Tertile | 4 | 413 | 115 | 0.99 (0.64–1.52) | 0.946 | 0.82 (0.51–1.31) | 0.397 | |
3rd Tertile (highest) | 5-9 | 173 | 79 | 2.15 (1.33–3.47) | 0.002 | 1.54 (0.92–2.59) | 0.104 |
Range of scores | No. of participants | No. of cases | Univariate | Multivariatea | |||||
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||||||
Autistic traits | |||||||||
AQ-Short | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 40–66 | 197 | 34 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
2nd Quartile | 67–70 | 182 | 27 | 0.84 (0.48–1.45) | 0.522 | 0.83 (0.47–1.47) | 0.530 | ||
3rd Quartile | 71–75 | 192 | 33 | 1.00 (0.59–1.68) | 0.985 | 0.91 (0.52–1.57) | 0.722 | ||
4th Quartile (highest) | 76–104 | 150 | 28 | 1.10 (0.63–1.91) | 0.735 | 0.93 (0.52–1.68) | 0.814 | ||
ADHD trait subcomponents | |||||||||
Inattention | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 0–3 | 110 | 15 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
2nd Quartile | 4 | 222 | 29 | 0.95 (0.49–1.86) | 0.885 | 1.04 (0.52–2.08) | 0.915 | ||
3rd Quartile | 5 | 342 | 66 | 1.51 (0.83–2.78) | 0.180 | 1.71 (0.90–3.26) | 0.105 | ||
4th Quartile (highest) | 6–11 | 47 | 12 | 2.17 (0.93–5.09) | 0.075 | 2.23 (0.89–5.60) | 0.088 | ||
Hyperactivity–impulsivity | |||||||||
1st Tertile (lowest) | 0–3 | 135 | 20 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | ||
2nd Tertile | 4 | 413 | 67 | 1.11 (0.65–1.92) | 0.698 | 0.92 (0.52–1.64) | 0.776 | ||
3rd Tertile (highest) | 5–9 | 173 | 35 | 1.46 (0.80–2.66) | 0.220 | 1.11 (0.58–2.12) | 0.750 |
Autistic traits | ADHD traits | No. of participants | No. of cases | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
AQ-Short | Range of scores | ASRS | Range of scores | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
Low | 40–75 | Low | 0–9 | 444 | 106 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
High | 76–104 | Low | 0–9 | 103 | 48 | 2.78 (1.78–4.34) | <0.001 | 2.79 (1.78–4.39) | <0.001 |
Low | 40–75 | High | 10–20 | 127 | 51 | 2.14 (1.41–3.25) | <0.001 | 2.20 (1.44–3.36) | <0.001 |
High | 76–104 | High | 10–20 | 47 | 27 | 4.31 (2.32–7.99) | <0.001 | 3.78 (2.01–7.08) | <0.001 |
Autistic traits | ADHD traits | No. of participants | No. of cases | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
AQ-Short | Range of scores | ASRS | Range of scores | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
Low | 40–75 | Low | 0–9 | 444 | 67 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
High | 76–104 | Low | 0–9 | 103 | 20 | 1.36 (0.78–2.36) | 0.281 | 1.48 (0.84–2.62) | 0.180 |
Low | 40–75 | High | 10–20 | 127 | 27 | 1.52 (0.92–2.50) | 0.100 | 1.61 (0.97–2.69) | 0.068 |
High | 76–104 | High | 10–20 | 47 | 8 | 1.15 (0.52–2.58) | 0.727 | 1.00 (0.43–2.31) | 0.995 |