Policy process | Policy content | ||||
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Task shift in pre-hospital care | Evaluation/research | ||||
EMT* | ELSTs | Laypeople | |||
1990s | |||||
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Guidelines for pre-hospital care procedures amended in 1991 EMTs-intermediate were allowed to:
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ELST Act enacted in 1991 and ELST system started in 1992 Under on-line physician instructions, ELSTs were allowed to:
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FDMA Guidelines on training curriculum for laypeople and instructors issued in 1993 (training of BLS procedures) | Standardized data collection activities started
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2000s | |||||
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Ordinance for Enforcement of the ELST Act amended
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The health ministry issued a notice in 2004 stating laypeople can use an AED in emergency situations, if a physician is not availabl
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EMS* | Trained laypeople* | Public-access AEDs† |
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Year | ELSTs in EMS units, n |
EMS units (total), n |
EMS units with ELSTs, % |
Trained in 3-hour course, n |
Trained in 8-hour course, n |
Short course, n |
Number of units sold, n |
1992 | 483 | 4237 | 4.0 | ||||
1993 | 541 | 4229 | 5.2 | ||||
1994 | 1,369 | 4331 | 11.5 | 246,356 | 10,680 | ||
1995 | 2,232 | 4387 | 16.6 | 395,045 | 19,212 | ||
1996 | 3,338 | 4416 | 23.9 | 491,300 | 25,758 | ||
1997 | 4,556 | 4483 | 29.7 | 589,798 | 33,670 | ||
1998 | 5,846 | 4515 | 37.2 | 655,700 | 34,807 | ||
1999 | 6,757 | 4553 | 44.8 | 797,979 | 41,135 | ||
2000 | 8,016 | 4582 | 51.2 | 861,699 | 48,393 | ||
2001 | 9,461 | 4,563 | 56.8 | 901,039 | 53,795 | ||
2002 | 10,823 | 4,596 | 62.8 | 970,898 | 58,410 | ||
2003 | 12,152 | 4,649 | 67.6 | 1,081,946 | 61,746 | ||
2004 | 13,505 | 4,711 | 73.0 | 1,053,715 | 65,895 | 1,307 | |
2005 | 15,317 | 4,751 | 78.3 | 1,147,904 | 68,081 | 10,961 | |
2006 | 16,468 | 4,779 | 82.4 | 1,388,212 | 78,922 | 45,417 | |
2007 | 17,218 | 4,846 | 86.3 | 1,499,485 | 72,843 | 96,545 | |
2008 | 18,336 | 4,871 | 88.5 | 1,541,459 | 77,660 | 164,343 | |
2009 | 19,368 | 4,892 | 91.0 | 1,490,246 | 75,926 | 218,050 | |
2010 | 20,383 | 4,910 | 93.1 | 1,408,864 | 76,999 | 264,165 | |
2011 | 21,268 | 4,927 | 94.3 | 1,345,591 | 79,959 | 310,075 | |
2012 | 22,118 | 4,965 | 95.9 | 1,410,981 | 84,898 | 224,230 | 364,959 |
2013 | 22,870 | 5,004 | 96.8 | 1,392,325 | 50,547 | 325,476 | 428,821 |
2014 | 23,560 | 5,028 | 97.4 | 1,376,149 | 84,864 | 392542 | 516,135 |
2015 | 24,223 | 5,069 | 97.8 | 1,355,791 | 84,307 | 409347 | 602,382 |
2016 | 24,973 | 5,090 | 98.4 | 1,315,946 | 82,385 | 443,943 | 688,329 |
2017 | 25,872 | 5,140 | 98.9 | 1,287,848 | 88,659 | 558,454 | 784,467 |
2018 | 26,581 | 5,179 | 99.1 | 1,245,971 | 91,014 | 656,226 | 881,467 |
All transported OHCA patients* | Bystander-witnessed cardiogenic OHCA* | |||||||||
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Patient number | Bystander CPR provided, % | One-month survival, % | Patient number | Bystander CPR provided, % | One-month survival, % | Survival with OPC/CPC 1-2, % |
Those receiving bystander defibrillation with public-access AED |
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Year | Patient number | Survival with OPC/CPC 1-2, % |
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1994 | 31,206 | 13.4 | 2.6 | |||||||
1995 | 72,016 | 13.0 | 2.7 | |||||||
1996 | 72,542 | 15.1 | 2.7 | |||||||
1997 | 76,272 | 16.9 | 2.8 | |||||||
1998 | 80,970 | 19.7 | 3.2 | |||||||
1999 | 83,353 | 23.0 | 3.2 | |||||||
2000 | 84,899 | 24.9 | 3.4 | |||||||
2001 | 88,058 | 26.6 | 3.3 | |||||||
2002 | 91,691 | 27.8 | 3.5 | |||||||
2003 | 94,845 | 30.8 | 3.7 | |||||||
2004 | 94,920 | 33.5 | 3.9 | |||||||
2005 | 102,738 | 33.6 | 4.3 | 17,882 | 41.0 | 7.2 | 3.3 | 46 | 23.9 | |
2006 | 105,942 | 35.3 | 4.7 | 18,897 | 42.9 | 8.4 | 4.1 | 144 | 29.2 | |
2007 | 109,461 | 39.2 | 5.2 | 19,707 | 47.6 | 10.2 | 6.1 | 287 | 35.5 | |
2008 | 113,827 | 40.7 | 5.3 | 20,769 | 48.0 | 10.4 | 6.2 | 429 | 38.2 | |
2009 | 115,250 | 42.7 | 5.6 | 21,112 | 51.3 | 11.4 | 7.1 | 583 | 35.8 | |
2010 | 123,095 | 42.7 | 5.9 | 22,463 | 49.8 | 11.4 | 6.9 | 667 | 38.2 | |
2011 | 127,109 | 43.0 | 5.6 | 23,296 | 49.5 | 11.4 | 7.2 | 738 | 38.9 | |
2012 | 127,866 | 44.3 | 5.8 | 23,797 | 51.5 | 11.5 | 7.2 | 881 | 36.0 | |
2013 | 123,987 | 44.9 | 6.1 | 25,469 | 51.1 | 11.9 | 7.9 | 907 | 42.8 | |
2014 | 125,951 | 47.2 | 6.1 | 25,255 | 54.2 | 12.2 | 7.8 | 1,030 | 43.3 | |
2015 | 123,421 | 48.1 | 6.3 | 24,496 | 55.8 | 13.0 | 8.6 | 1,103 | 46.1 | |
2016 | 123,554 | 48.9 | 6.7 | 25,569 | 56.1 | 13.3 | 8.7 | 1,204 | 45.4 | |
2017 | 127,018 | 49.9 | 6.6 | 25,538 | 56.6 | 13.5 | 8.7 | 1,260 | 45.7 | |
2018 | 127,718 | 50.7 | 6.8 | 25,756 | 58.1 | 13.9 | 9.1 | 1,254 | 48.2 |
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・Training laypeople in first aid, including CPR |
・Rescuer-protection mechanisms (legal, social, and psychological) |
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