Table 1. Differences in Study Variables between the Participation and Nonparticipation Groups.

From: Association between Recommendations from Public Health Nurses, Medical Professionals, and Family Members and Participation in Health Checkups among Middle-aged Community Residents with National Health Insurance

Factors Participation group Nonparticipation group p-value
n 4,384 6,796
Age (years) 55.3 (6.8) 54.2 (6.7) <0.001
Men, % 37.4 41.8 <0.001
Education level: ≤12 years, % 47.8 53.6 <0.001
Subjective economic status, % <0.001
 Very good and good 25.7 17.6
 Average 23.9 21.7
 Poor and very poor 50.4 60.6
Living with someone: yes, % 86.6 85.4 0.093
Occupation, % <0.001
 Self-employed workers, part-time workers, and farmers 65.2 64.0
 Homemakers 19.1 15.1
 Unemployed/retired 15.6 20.9
Stages of health behavior change, % <0.001
 Precontemplation 22.7 27.9
 Contemplation/preparation 45.7 46.0
 Action/maintenance 31.7 26.0
Drinking status: regular drinkers, % 24.9 24.0 0.240
Smoking status, % <0.001
 Current smokers 17.4 24.4
 Ex-smokers 21.9 20.8
 Nonsmokers 60.7 54.8
Body mass index: ≥25.0 kg/m2, % 24.2 30.1 <0.001
Regular visits to medical institutions: presence, % 73.4 63.2 <0.001
Number of visits to medical institutions (times/year) 6.0 (2.0, 12.0) 4.0 (1.0, 12.0) <0.001
Table 2. Multivariable-adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Participation in Specific Health Checkups by Recommendation from Public Health Nurses, Primary Care Physicians, Nurses, and Family Members among Middle-aged Community Residents with National Health Insurance.

From: Association between Recommendations from Public Health Nurses, Medical Professionals, and Family Members and Participation in Health Checkups among Middle-aged Community Residents with National Health Insurance

Recommendation from public health nurses, medical professionals, and family members to participate in specific health checkups in the past year Comparison Proportions of those in the participation group, % (case/n) Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) for participation in specific health checkups Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) for participation in specific health checkups
Model 1* Model 2
Municipality
 Public health nurses Absence 38.6 (4,160/10,782) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 56.3 (224/398) 2.00 (1.63-2.45) 2.02 (1.65-2.49) 1.81 (1.47-2.24)**
p <0.001
Medical institution
 Primary care physicians Absence 35.2 (3,359/9,553) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 63.0 (1,025/1,627) 3.02 (2.71-3.37) 2.91 (2.60-3.26) 2.79 (2.49-3.13)***
p <0.001
 Nurses Absence 38.8 (4,241/10,938) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 59.1 (143/242) 2.29 (1.77-2.97) 2.29 (1.75-2.98) 2.06 (1.57-2.69)***
p < 0.001
Home
 Family members Absence 37.2 (2,604/7,002) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 42.6 (1,780/4,178) 1.30 (1.20-1.41) 1.32 (1.22-1.43) 1.22 (1.12-1.32)****
p <0.001
Table 3. Multivariable-adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Participation in Specific Health Checkups by Recommendations from Public Health Nurses, Primary Care Physicians, Nurses, and Family Members among Middle-aged Community Residents with National Health Insurance: Stratified Analysis of Health Behavior Change Stages.

From: Association between Recommendations from Public Health Nurses, Medical Professionals, and Family Members and Participation in Health Checkups among Middle-aged Community Residents with National Health Insurance

Recommendation from public health nurses, medical professionals, and family members to participate in specific health checkups in the past year Comparison Proportions of those in the participation group, % (case/n) Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) for participation in specific health checkups Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) for participation in specific health checkups
Model 1* Model 2
Community residents in the precontemplation stage (n = 2,892)
 Public health nurses Absence 33.9 (957/2,823) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 53.6 (37/69) 2.19 (1.35-3.54) 2.16 (1.32-3.54) 2.07 (1.26-3.41)**
 Primary care physicians Absence 31.3 (815/2,603) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 61.9 (179/289) 3.44 (2.67-4.43) 3.29 (2.53-4.27) 3.19 (2.45-4.15)***
 Nurses Absence 34.3 (980/2,860) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 43.8 (14/32) 1.52 (0.75-3.08) 1.59 (0.77-3.30) 1.47 (0.71-3.04)***
 Family members Absence 32.5 (624/1,919) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 38.0 (370/973) 1.32 (1.13-1.56) 1.34 (1.14-1.59) 1.27 (1.07-1.51)****
Community residents in the contemplation and preparation stages (n = 5,131)
 Public health nurses Absence 38.5 (1,899/4,935) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 52.6 (103/196) 1.71 (1.28-2.28) 1.80 (1.34-2.41) 1.55 (1.15-2.10)**
 Primary care physicians Absence 34.6 (1,491/4,309) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 62.2 (511/822) 2.96 (2.53-3.46) 2.89 (2.46-3.39) 2.79 (2.37-3.28)***
 Nurses Absence 38.5 (1,934/5,017) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 59.6 (68/114) 2.37 (1.62-3.47) 2.44 (1.66-3.59) 2.22 (1.51-3.28)***
 Family members Absence 37.5 (1,139/3,038) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 41.2 (863/2,093) 1.21 (1.08-1.36) 1.25 (1.11-1.40) 1.15 (1.02-1.30)****
Community residents in the action and maintenance stages (n = 3,157)
 Public health nurses Absence 43.1 (1,304/3,024) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 63.2 (84/133) 2.24 (1.56-3.21) 2.30 (1.60-3.31) 2.11 (1.45-3.07)**
 Primary care physicians Absence 39.9 (1,053/2,641) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 64.9 (335/516) 2.72 (2.24-3.32) 2.75 (2.25-3.37) 2.59 (2.11-3.18)***
 Nurses Absence 43.4 (1,327/3,061) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 63.5 (61/96) 2.28 (1.49-3.48) 2.43 (1.58-3.74) 2.14 (1.38-3.32)***
 Family members Absence 41.1 (841/2,045) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 49.2 (547/1,112) 1.43 (1.23-1.66) 1.43 (1.23-1.66) 1.29 (1.10-1.50)****
Table 4. Multivariable-adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Participation in Specific Health Checkups by Recommendations from Public Health Nurses, Primary Care Physicians, Nurses, and Family Members among Middle-aged Community Residents with National Health Insurance: Stratified Analysis by Regular Visits to Medical Institutions.

From: Association between Recommendations from Public Health Nurses, Medical Professionals, and Family Members and Participation in Health Checkups among Middle-aged Community Residents with National Health Insurance

Recommendation from public health nurses, medical professionals, and family members to participate in specific health checkups in the past year Comparison Proportions of those in the participation group, % (case/n) Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) for participation in specific health checkups Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) for participation in specific health checkups
Model 1* Model 2
Community residents with regular visits to medical institutions (n = 7,509)
 Public health nurses Absence 42.3 (3,057/7,231) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 57.6 (160/278) 1.81 (1.42-2.31) 1.83 (1.43-2.34) 1.63 (1.26-2.09)**
 Primary care physicians Absence 37.8 (2,303/6,093) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 64.5 (914/1,416) 2.92 (2.58-3.29) 3.02 (2.67-3.42) 2.92 (2.58-3.31)***
 Nurses Absence 42.3 (3,092/7,308) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 62.2 (125/201) 2.28 (1.71-3.05) 2.44 (1.82-3.27) 2.22 (1.65-2.99)***
 Family members Absence 40.6 (1,980/4,876) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 47.0 (1,237/2,633) 1.34 (1.22-1.47) 1.32 (1.20-1.45) 1.19 (1.08-1.32)****
Community residents with irregular visits to medical institutions (n = 3,671)
 Public health nurses Absence 31.1 (1,103/3,551) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 53.3 (64/120) 2.49 (1.73-3.59) 2.54 (1.75-3.70) 2.34 (1.60-3.43)**
 Primary care physicians Absence 37.6 (789/2,101) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 58.8 (104/177) 2.31 (1.69-3.16) 2.31 (1.68-3.18) 2.11 (1.53-2.91)***
 Nurses Absence 39.0 (877/2,251) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 59.3 (16/27) 2.26 (1.04-4.90) 2.40 (1.09-5.29) 2.22 (1.002-4.93)***
 Family members Absence 29.4 (624/2,126) 1.0 1.0 1.0
Presence 35.1 (543/1,545) 1.33 (1.16-1.53) 1.34 (1.16-1.55) 1.28 (1.11-1.49)****
Table 5. Proportions of Those Who Received Recommendations from Public Health Nurses, Medical Professionals, and Family Members and Those Who Had Needs for Recommendations.

From: Association between Recommendations from Public Health Nurses, Medical Professionals, and Family Members and Participation in Health Checkups among Middle-aged Community Residents with National Health Insurance

Proportions of those who received recommendations from public health nurses, medical professionals, and family members in the past year* Proportions of those who had needs for recommendations from public health nurses, medical professionals, and family members
n 11,180 11,180
Public health nurses, n (%) 398 (3.6) 1,425 (12.7)
Primary care physicians, n (%) 1,627 (14.6) 7,311 (65.4)
Nurses, n (%) 242 (2.2) 2,106 (18.8)
Family members, n (%) 4,178 (37.4) 6,012 (53.8)
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