First extracting survey | Second extracting survey | Validation survey | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
JCIQ-L (N = 443) |
JCIQ-K (N = 1000) |
(N = 5000) | Total participants (N = 3094) |
Participants for analysis (N = 2454) |
|||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | P-value | |
Gender | 0.81 | ||||||||||
Male | 233 | 53% | 494 | 49% | 2468 | 49% | 1547 | 50% | 1218 | 50% | |
Female | 210 | 47% | 506 | 51% | 2532 | 51% | 1547 | 50% | 1236 | 50% | |
Age group (year) | 0.96 | ||||||||||
≤19 | 5 | 1% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | |
20-29 | 19 | 4% | 132 | 13% | 658 | 13% | 479 | 15% | 397 | 16% | |
30-39 | 64 | 14% | 166 | 17% | 832 | 17% | 604 | 20% | 477 | 19% | |
40-49 | 137 | 31% | 196 | 20% | 980 | 20% | 712 | 23% | 553 | 23% | |
50-59 | 105 | 24% | 164 | 16% | 822 | 16% | 598 | 19% | 466 | 19% | |
60-69 | 80 | 18% | 193 | 19% | 964 | 19% | 701 | 23% | 561 | 23% | |
70-79 | 27 | 6% | 149 | 15% | 744 | 15% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | |
80≥ | 6 | 1% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | |
Marital status | 0.46 | ||||||||||
Single/widowed/div | 1874 | 37% | 1204 | 39% | 930 | 38% | |||||
Married | 3126 | 63% | 1890 | 61% | 1524 | 62% | |||||
Number of children | 0.54 | ||||||||||
Zero | 2050 | 41% | 1406 | 45% | 1094 | 45% | |||||
Any | 2950 | 59% | 1688 | 55% | 1360 | 55% | |||||
Income level | 0.13 | ||||||||||
< JPY2,000,000 | 1759 | 35% | 1127 | 36% | 901 | 37% | |||||
JPY2,000,000-JPY3,999,999 | 1131 | 23% | 699 | 23% | 567 | 23% | |||||
JPY4,000,000-JPY5,999,999 | 682 | 14% | 490 | 16% | 409 | 17% | |||||
JPY6,000,000-JPY9,999,999 | 423 | 8% | 296 | 10% | 246 | 10% | |||||
JPY10,000,000> | 103 | 2% | 9 | 3% | 79 | 3% | |||||
Unknown/not answer | 902 | 18% | 393 | 13% | 252 | 10% | |||||
Education | 0.052 | ||||||||||
High school or less | 1677 | 54% | 1265 | 52% | |||||||
College or more | 1417 | 46% | 1189 | 48% | |||||||
Employment status | 0.47 | ||||||||||
Self-employed worker | 239 | 8% | 190 | 8% | |||||||
Non-regularly employed worker | 539 | 17% | 413 | 17% | |||||||
Wage & salary worker | 1450 | 47% | 1200 | 49% | |||||||
Jobless | 866 | 28% | 651 | 27% | |||||||
Smoking | 0.60 | ||||||||||
Never smoker | 1880 | 61% | 1522 | 62% | |||||||
Past smoker (smokers) | 626 | 20% | 487 | 20% | |||||||
Current smoker (smokers) | 588 | 19% | 445 | 18% | |||||||
Alcohol | 0.80 | ||||||||||
Moderate drinker | 2487 | 80% | 1980 | 81% | |||||||
Excessive drinker | 607 | 20% | 474 | 19% | |||||||
Vegetables | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Adequate vegetables | 688 | 22% | 382 | 16% | |||||||
Inadequate vegetables | 2406 | 78% | 2072 | 84% | |||||||
Exercise | 0.35 | ||||||||||
Adequate exercise | 808 | 26% | 669 | 27% | |||||||
Inadequate exercise | 2286 | 74% | 1785 | 73% | |||||||
BMI | 0.87 | ||||||||||
<25 (appropriate weight) | 2448 | 79% | 1947 | 79% | |||||||
≥25 (obesity) | 646 | 21% | 507 | 21% | |||||||
Intentions for cancer screening | <0.01 | ||||||||||
Very high | 650 | 21% | 572 | 23% | |||||||
Moderately high | 1168 | 38% | 975 | 40% | |||||||
Intermediate | 949 | 31% | 680 | 28% | |||||||
Moderately low | 259 | 8% | 196 | 8% | |||||||
Very low | 68 | 2% | 31 | 1% |
Items | Very easy |
Fairly easy |
Fairly difficult |
Very difficult |
Don’t know/not applicable |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
JCIQ-L | ||||||||
Healthcare | Access | Q1 | Finding out what to do in case of cancer suspected | 4% | 21% | 43% | 28% | 3% |
Understand | Q2 | Understanding how to deal with cancer | 3% | 16% | 49% | 31% | 1% | |
Appraise | Q3 | Judging the advantages and disadvantages when some cancer treatments are available | 3% | 11% | 46% | 39% | 1% | |
Apply | Q4 | Identifying opinions of people around you and leading a lifestyle to prevent cancer occurrence | 3% | 23% | 47% | 22% | 5% | |
Prevention | Access | Q5 | Finding out how to undergo cancer screenings | 17% | 50% | 24% | 7% | 1% |
Understand | Q6 | Understanding what behaviors and lifestyles increase a cancer risk | 8% | 45% | 36% | 11% | 1% | |
Appraise | Q7 | Judging the advantages and disadvantages of cancer screenings | 4% | 27% | 48% | 18% | 3% | |
Apply | Q8 | Avoiding lifestyles that increase a cancer risk based on your knowledge | 4% | 35% | 45% | 15% | 1% | |
Promotion | Access | Q9 | Finding information on how your local government deals with cancer preventions | 9% | 44% | 33% | 10% | 4% |
Understand | Q10 | Understanding what political changes affect cancer preventions | 4% | 28% | 48% | 16% | 4% | |
Appraise | Q11 | Judging what initiatives for cancer prevention from your local government are appropriate | 3% | 21% | 53% | 19% | 5% | |
Apply | Q12 | Sharing correct cancer knowledge and prevention methods with friends and people around you | 4% | 21% | 47% | 27% | 2% | |
JCIQ-K | ||||||||
Correct | Incorrect | Don’t know | ||||||
Cancer risk | q1 | Ingesting burnt food increases the chances of getting cancer. | 59% | 23% | 18% | |||
q2 | HPV (human papillomavirus) infections increase the chances of getting cancer. | 35% | 5% | 60% | ||||
q3 | Asbestos exposure increases the chances of getting cancer. | 84% | 4% | 12% | ||||
q4 | Smoking increases the chances of getting lung cancers three to five more times. | 94% | 3% | 3% | ||||
q5 | Passive smoking does not increase the chances of getting lung cancer. | 4% | 91% | 5% | ||||
q6 | Adherence to healthy lifestyle habits can prevent nearly 90% of cancers. | 30% | 28% | 42% | ||||
q7 | To prevent cancer, you should achieve a BMI of 18. | 8% | 45% | 47% | ||||
q8 | Cancer could be inherited among some families. | 87% | 4% | 9% | ||||
Detection and diagnosis | q9 | Breast cancer screening is included in the cancer screenings recommended by the government. | 11% | 63% | 26% | |||
q10 | Pancreatic cancer screening is included in the cancer screenings recommended by the government. | 24% | 34% | 42% | ||||
q11 | Sputum examination is recommended as a lung cancer screening for smokers by the government. | 77% | 6% | 17% | ||||
q12 | An annual examination starting at age 20 years consisting of mammography and breast ultrasound is recommended as breast cancer screening by the government. | 18% | 34% | 47% | ||||
q13 | The benefit of cancer screening is early detection and early intervention to suspected lesions. | 32% | 12% | 56% | ||||
q14 | Cancer screening can detect any small lesions. | 40% | 27% | 33% | ||||
Treatment | q15 | The three main cancer treatments consist of surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. | 79% | 5% | 16% | |||
q16 | Cancer is not completely cured by radiotherapy. | 8% | 73% | 19% | ||||
q17 | Patients should discuss with their doctors when making decisions about their cancer treatments. | 36% | 23% | 42% | ||||
q18 | Second opinions are not recommended in oncological fields because consulting for opinions requires time and cost. | 32% | 28% | 40% | ||||
Coping with disease | q19 | Occupational healthcare services are available to every employee when they are diagnosed or suspected of cancer. | 87% | 3% | 10% | |||
q20 | Medical information is private and cannot be generally divulged to others without permission | 3% | 79% | 19% | ||||
Information | q21 | Cancer information from families is more trustworthy than from doctors because families are more kind. | 42% | 10% | 49% | |||
q22 | Cancer information from medical guidelines is as trustworthy as from TVs and radios because each has its advantage. | 83% | 4% | 14% |
JCIQ-L | JCIQ-K | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | P-value | Cohen’s d | Mean | SD | P-value | Cohen’s d | ||
Gender | 0.04 | −0.08 | <0.001 | −0.22 | |||||
Male | 19.6 | 8.7 | 27.4 | 8.9 | |||||
Female | 20.3 | 8.1 | 29.3 | 7.9 | |||||
Age group (year) | 0.03 | −0.09 | <0.001 | −0.20 | |||||
≤49 | 19.7 | 8.4 | 27.7 | 8.9 | |||||
>50 | 20.4 | 8.3 | 29.3 | 7.7 | |||||
Marital status | 0.70 | −0.02 | <0.01 | −0.23 | |||||
Single/widowed/divorced | 19.9 | 8.4 | 27.2 | 8.8 | |||||
Married | 20.0 | 8.4 | 29.1 | 8.1 | |||||
Number of children | 0.59 | −0.02 | <0.001 | −0.21 | |||||
Zero | 19.9 | 8.4 | 27.8 | 8.8 | |||||
Any | 20.0 | 8.4 | 29.1 | 8.0 | |||||
Income level | 0.61 | 0.02 | 0.26 | −0.05 | |||||
< JPY2,000,000 and unknown/no answer | 20.0 | 8.3 | 28.1 | 8.4 | |||||
JPY2,000,000- | 19.9 | 8.5 | 28.5 | 8.4 | |||||
Education | 0.15 | −0.01 | 0.29 | −0.20 | |||||
High school or less | 19.9 | 8.2 | 27.5 | 8.5 | |||||
College or more | 20.0 | 8.6 | 29.2 | 8.3 | |||||
Employment status | 0.09 | −0.08 | 0.08 | −0.08 | |||||
Worker | 19.8 | 8.3 | 28.2 | 8.6 | |||||
Jobless | 20.4 | 8.5 | 28.8 | 7.9 | |||||
Smoking | 0.04 | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.15 | |||||
Never smoker | 20.2 | 8.4 | 28.8 | 8.4 | |||||
Smoker | 19.5 | 8.4 | 27.5 | 8.5 | |||||
Alcohol | 0.54 | 0.03 | 0.53 | 0.03 | |||||
Moderate drinker | 20.0 | 8.3 | 28.4 | 8.4 | |||||
Excessive drinker | 19.7 | 8.6 | 28.1 | 8.5 | |||||
Vegetables | <0.01 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.12 | |||||
Adequate vegetables | 21.2 | 8.9 | 29.2 | 8.3 | |||||
Inadequate vegetables | 19.7 | 8.3 | 28.2 | 8.4 | |||||
Exercise | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.06 | |||||
Adequate exercise | 21.0 | 8.3 | 28.7 | 8.5 | |||||
Inadequate exercise | 19.6 | 8.4 | 28.2 | 8.4 | |||||
BMI | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.29 | 0.05 | |||||
<25 (appropriate weight) | 20.1 | 8.3 | 28.4 | 8.4 | |||||
≥25 (obesity) | 19.5 | 8.9 | 28.0 | 8.5 | |||||
Cancer-preventive score | <0.001 | 0.13 | <0.01 | 0.12 | |||||
3-5 | 20.4 | 8.3 | 28.7 | 8.4 | |||||
0-2 | 19.3 | 8.5 | 27.8 | 8.4 | |||||
Intentions for cancer screening | <0.001 | 0.22 | <0.001 | 0.38 | |||||
Very high, moderately high | 20.6 | 8.4 | 29.5 | 8.1 | |||||
Intermediate, moderately low, very low | 18.8 | 8.4 | 26.4 | 8.6 |
Cancer-preventive score | Cancer-screening intention | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B-value | SE | B-value | R2 value | P-value | Adjusted R2 | B-value | SE | B-value | R2 value | P-value | Adjusted R2 | |||||
Variable | 0.12 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.05 | ||||||||||
Gender | −0.50 | 0.04 | −0.25 | *** | −0.23 | 0.04 | −0.12 | *** | ||||||||
Age | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.17 | *** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | |||||||||
Income level | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.03 | −0.18 | 0.05 | −0.09 | *** | |||||||||
Employment status | −0.09 | 0.05 | −0.04 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.04 | ||||||||||
JCIQ-L | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.07 | *** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | * | ||||||||
JCIQ-K | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | ** | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.17 | *** |