Figure and Table | Development of Japanese Cancer Intelligence Quotient to Measure Cancer Literacy and Knowledge among Japanese Laypersons

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Participants in the Extracting Surveys and the Validation Survey.

From: Development of Japanese Cancer Intelligence Quotient to Measure Cancer Literacy and Knowledge among Japanese Laypersons

	First extracting survey				Second extracting survey		Validation survey
	JCIQ-L (N = 443)		JCIQ-K (N = 1000)		(N = 5000)		Total participants (N = 3094)		Participants for analysis (N = 2454)
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	P-value
Gender											0.81
Male	233	53%	494	49%	2468	49%	1547	50%	1218	50%
Female	210	47%	506	51%	2532	51%	1547	50%	1236	50%
Age group (year)											0.96
≤19	5	1%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
20-29	19	4%	132	13%	658	13%	479	15%	397	16%
30-39	64	14%	166	17%	832	17%	604	20%	477	19%
40-49	137	31%	196	20%	980	20%	712	23%	553	23%
50-59	105	24%	164	16%	822	16%	598	19%	466	19%
60-69	80	18%	193	19%	964	19%	701	23%	561	23%
70-79	27	6%	149	15%	744	15%	0	0%	0	0%
80≥	6	1%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Marital status											0.46
Single/widowed/div					1874	37%	1204	39%	930	38%
Married					3126	63%	1890	61%	1524	62%
Number of children											0.54
Zero					2050	41%	1406	45%	1094	45%
Any					2950	59%	1688	55%	1360	55%
Income level											0.13
< JPY2,000,000					1759	35%	1127	36%	901	37%
JPY2,000,000-JPY3,999,999					1131	23%	699	23%	567	23%
JPY4,000,000-JPY5,999,999					682	14%	490	16%	409	17%
JPY6,000,000-JPY9,999,999					423	8%	296	10%	246	10%
JPY10,000,000>					103	2%	9	3%	79	3%
Unknown/not answer					902	18%	393	13%	252	10%
Education											0.052
High school or less							1677	54%	1265	52%
College or more							1417	46%	1189	48%
Employment status											0.47
Self-employed worker							239	8%	190	8%
Non-regularly employed worker							539	17%	413	17%
Wage & salary worker							1450	47%	1200	49%
Jobless							866	28%	651	27%
Smoking											0.60
Never smoker							1880	61%	1522	62%
Past smoker (smokers)							626	20%	487	20%
Current smoker (smokers)							588	19%	445	18%
Alcohol										0.80
Moderate drinker							2487	80%	1980	81%
Excessive drinker							607	20%	474	19%
Vegetables											<0.001
Adequate vegetables							688	22%	382	16%
Inadequate vegetables							2406	78%	2072	84%
Exercise											0.35
Adequate exercise							808	26%	669	27%
Inadequate exercise							2286	74%	1785	73%
BMI											0.87
<25 (appropriate weight)							2448	79%	1947	79%
≥25 (obesity)							646	21%	507	21%
Intentions for cancer screening											<0.01
Very high							650	21%	572	23%
Moderately high							1168	38%	975	40%
Intermediate							949	31%	680	28%
Moderately low							259	8%	196	8%
Very low							68	2%	31	1%

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Table 2. Percentage of Respondents Giving Each Response on the JCIQ at the Validation Survey (Translated into English).

From: Development of Japanese Cancer Intelligence Quotient to Measure Cancer Literacy and Knowledge among Japanese Laypersons

			Items	Very easy	Fairly easy	Fairly difficult	Very difficult	Don’t know/not applicable
JCIQ-L
Healthcare	Access	Q1	Finding out what to do in case of cancer suspected	4%	21%	43%	28%	3%
	Understand	Q2	Understanding how to deal with cancer	3%	16%	49%	31%	1%
	Appraise	Q3	Judging the advantages and disadvantages when some cancer treatments are available	3%	11%	46%	39%	1%
	Apply	Q4	Identifying opinions of people around you and leading a lifestyle to prevent cancer occurrence	3%	23%	47%	22%	5%
Prevention	Access	Q5	Finding out how to undergo cancer screenings	17%	50%	24%	7%	1%
	Understand	Q6	Understanding what behaviors and lifestyles increase a cancer risk	8%	45%	36%	11%	1%
	Appraise	Q7	Judging the advantages and disadvantages of cancer screenings	4%	27%	48%	18%	3%
	Apply	Q8	Avoiding lifestyles that increase a cancer risk based on your knowledge	4%	35%	45%	15%	1%
Promotion	Access	Q9	Finding information on how your local government deals with cancer preventions	9%	44%	33%	10%	4%
	Understand	Q10	Understanding what political changes affect cancer preventions	4%	28%	48%	16%	4%
	Appraise	Q11	Judging what initiatives for cancer prevention from your local government are appropriate	3%	21%	53%	19%	5%
	Apply	Q12	Sharing correct cancer knowledge and prevention methods with friends and people around you	4%	21%	47%	27%	2%
JCIQ-K
				Correct	Incorrect	Don’t know
	Cancer risk	q1	Ingesting burnt food increases the chances of getting cancer.	59%	23%	18%
		q2	HPV (human papillomavirus) infections increase the chances of getting cancer.	35%	5%	60%
		q3	Asbestos exposure increases the chances of getting cancer.	84%	4%	12%
		q4	Smoking increases the chances of getting lung cancers three to five more times.	94%	3%	3%
		q5	Passive smoking does not increase the chances of getting lung cancer.	4%	91%	5%
		q6	Adherence to healthy lifestyle habits can prevent nearly 90% of cancers.	30%	28%	42%
		q7	To prevent cancer, you should achieve a BMI of 18.	8%	45%	47%
		q8	Cancer could be inherited among some families.	87%	4%	9%
	Detection and diagnosis	q9	Breast cancer screening is included in the cancer screenings recommended by the government.	11%	63%	26%
		q10	Pancreatic cancer screening is included in the cancer screenings recommended by the government.	24%	34%	42%
		q11	Sputum examination is recommended as a lung cancer screening for smokers by the government.	77%	6%	17%
		q12	An annual examination starting at age 20 years consisting of mammography and breast ultrasound is recommended as breast cancer screening by the government.	18%	34%	47%
		q13	The benefit of cancer screening is early detection and early intervention to suspected lesions.	32%	12%	56%
		q14	Cancer screening can detect any small lesions.	40%	27%	33%
	Treatment	q15	The three main cancer treatments consist of surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.	79%	5%	16%
		q16	Cancer is not completely cured by radiotherapy.	8%	73%	19%
		q17	Patients should discuss with their doctors when making decisions about their cancer treatments.	36%	23%	42%
		q18	Second opinions are not recommended in oncological fields because consulting for opinions requires time and cost.	32%	28%	40%
	Coping with disease	q19	Occupational healthcare services are available to every employee when they are diagnosed or suspected of cancer.	87%	3%	10%
	Coping with disease	q20	Medical information is private and cannot be generally divulged to others without permission	3%	79%	19%
	Information	q21	Cancer information from families is more trustworthy than from doctors because families are more kind.	42%	10%	49%
	Information	q22	Cancer information from medical guidelines is as trustworthy as from TVs and radios because each has its advantage.	83%	4%	14%

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Table 3. Relationships between the Participants’ JCIQ Score and Characteristics.

From: Development of Japanese Cancer Intelligence Quotient to Measure Cancer Literacy and Knowledge among Japanese Laypersons

		JCIQ-L				JCIQ-K
		Mean	SD	P-value	Cohen’s d	Mean	SD	P-value	Cohen’s d
Gender				0.04	−0.08			<0.001	−0.22
	Male	19.6	8.7			27.4	8.9
	Female	20.3	8.1			29.3	7.9
Age group (year)				0.03	−0.09			<0.001	−0.20
	≤49	19.7	8.4			27.7	8.9
	>50	20.4	8.3			29.3	7.7
Marital status				0.70	−0.02			<0.01	−0.23
	Single/widowed/divorced	19.9	8.4			27.2	8.8
	Married	20.0	8.4			29.1	8.1
Number of children				0.59	−0.02			<0.001	−0.21
	Zero	19.9	8.4			27.8	8.8
	Any	20.0	8.4			29.1	8.0
Income level				0.61	0.02			0.26	−0.05
	< JPY2,000,000 and unknown/no answer	20.0	8.3			28.1	8.4
	JPY2,000,000-	19.9	8.5			28.5	8.4
Education				0.15	−0.01			0.29	−0.20
	High school or less	19.9	8.2			27.5	8.5
	College or more	20.0	8.6			29.2	8.3
Employment status				0.09	−0.08			0.08	−0.08
	Worker	19.8	8.3			28.2	8.6
	Jobless	20.4	8.5			28.8	7.9
Smoking				0.04	0.08			<0.001	0.15
	Never smoker	20.2	8.4			28.8	8.4
	Smoker	19.5	8.4			27.5	8.5
Alcohol				0.54	0.03			0.53	0.03
	Moderate drinker	20.0	8.3			28.4	8.4
	Excessive drinker	19.7	8.6			28.1	8.5
Vegetables				<0.01	0.18			0.03	0.12
	Adequate vegetables	21.2	8.9			29.2	8.3
	Inadequate vegetables	19.7	8.3			28.2	8.4
Exercise				<0.001	0.17			0.19	0.06
	Adequate exercise	21.0	8.3			28.7	8.5
	Inadequate exercise	19.6	8.4			28.2	8.4
BMI				0.15	0.07			0.29	0.05
	<25 (appropriate weight)	20.1	8.3			28.4	8.4
	≥25 (obesity)	19.5	8.9			28.0	8.5
Cancer-preventive score				<0.001	0.13		<0.01	0.12
	3-5	20.4	8.3			28.7	8.4
	0-2	19.3	8.5			27.8	8.4
Intentions for cancer screening				<0.001	0.22			<0.001	0.38
	Very high, moderately high	20.6	8.4			29.5	8.1
	Intermediate, moderately low, very low	18.8	8.4			26.4	8.6

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Table 4. Multiple Regression Analysis with the Cancer-Preventive Score and Cancer-Screening Intention as Dependent Variable, Predicted by Participants’ Characteristics and the JCIQ.

From: Development of Japanese Cancer Intelligence Quotient to Measure Cancer Literacy and Knowledge among Japanese Laypersons

		Cancer-preventive score							Cancer-screening intention
		B-value	SE	B-value		R² value	P-value	Adjusted R²	B-value	SE	B-value		R² value	P-value	Adjusted R²
Variable						0.12	<0.001	0.11					0.06	<0.001	0.05
	Gender	−0.50	0.04	−0.25	***				−0.23	0.04	−0.12	***
	Age	−0.01	0.00	−0.17	***				0.00	0.00	0.02
	Income level	0.06	0.05	0.03					−0.18	0.05	−0.09	***
	Employment status	−0.09	0.05	−0.04					0.08	0.05	0.04
	JCIQ-L	0.01	0.00	0.07	***				0.00	0.00	0.04	*
	JCIQ-K	0.01	0.00	0.05	**				0.02	0.00	0.17	***

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