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Table 1. Participant Characteristics.

From: Congenital Anomalies in Infants in Fukushima from 2011 to 2014: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Total Fukushima RC Other 14 RCs
n = 101,729 n = 12,958 n = 88,771
n % n % n %
Maternal age at delivery ≤24 10174 10.0 1595 12.3 8579 9.7
25-34 63846 62.8 8349 64.4 55497 62.5
≥35 27684 27.2 3012 23.2 24672 27.8
No answer 25 0.02 2 0.02 23 0.03
　
Maternal BMI (kg/m2)
before pregnancy		 <18.5 16419 16.1 1884 14.5 14535 16.4
18.5≤-<25.0 74104 72.8 9411 72.6 64693 72.9
≥25.0 10965 10.8 1653 12.8 9312 10.5
No answer 241 0.2 10 0.1 231 0.3
　
Infertility treatment No 94121 92.5 12262 94.6 81859 92.2
Yes 7007 6.9 690 5.3 6317 7.1
No answer 601 0.6 6 0.1 595 0.7
　
Multiple pregnancy No 99741 98.1 12707 98.1 87034 98.0
Yes 1988 2.0 251 1.9 1737 2.0
　
Maternal smoking
during pregnancy		 No 94241 92.6 12270 94.7 81971 92.3
Yes 4765 4.7 557 4.3 4208 4.7
No answer 2723 2.7 131 1.0 2592 2.9
　
Maternal alcohol consumption
during pregnancy		 No 89443 87.9 11551 89.1 77892 87.7
Yes 9848 9.7 1284 9.9 8564 9.7
No answer 2438 2.4 123 1.0 2315 2.6
　
Pregnancy complication No 84309 82.9 11698 90.3 72611 81.8
Yes 15140 14.9 1138 8.8 14002 15.8
No answer 2280 2.2 122 0.9 2158 2.4
　
Maternal infection No 98811 97.1 12740 98.3 86071 97.0
Yes 2918 2.9 218 1.7 2700 3.0
　
Birth Live birth 100054 98.4 12803 98.8 87251 98.3
Stillbirth 382 0.4 70 0.5 312 0.4
Spontaneous abortion or induced abortion 1254 1.2 85 0.7 1169 1.3
No answer 39 0.04 0 0.00 39 0.04
　
Sex of infants Boy 51711 50.8 6674 51.5 45037 50.7
Girl 49033 48.2 6234 48.1 42799 48.2
Unknown 535 0.5 39 0.3 496 0.6
No answer 450 0.4 11 0.1 439 0.5
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Table 2. Number and Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies.

From: Congenital Anomalies in Infants in Fukushima from 2011 to 2014: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Total Fukushima RC Other 14RCs Chi-square test
n per 10,000 n per 10,000 n per 10,000 p
101,729 12,958 88,771
Major anomalies 2995 294.4 324 250.0 2671 300.9 0.001
Central nervous system 312 30.7 37 28.6 275 31.0 0.64
Neural tube defect 88 8.7 8 6.2 80 9.0 0.30
　　　Anencephaly 32 3.1 2 1.5 30 3.4 0.42
　　　Encephalocele 22 2.2 3 2.3 19 2.1 0.75
　　　Myelomeningocele/Spina bifida 36 3.5 4 3.1 32 3.6 1.00
Hydrocephaly 89 8.7 10 7.7 79 8.9 0.67
Microcephaly 38 3.7 2 1.5 36 4.1 0.22
Holoprosencephaly 43 4.2 5 3.9 38 4.3 0.83
Craniotabes 69 6.8 13 10.0 56 6.3 0.13
Agenesis of corpus callosum 23 2.3 1 0.8 22 2.5 0.35
Eye 50 4.9 10 7.7 40 4.5 0.12
Anophthalmos/microphthalmos 22 2.2 2 1.5 20 2.3 1.00
Congenital cataract 30 2.9 9 6.9 21 2.4 0.01
Ear 71 7.0 11 8.5 60 6.8 0.49
Congenital aural atresia 40 3.9 6 4.6 34 3.8 0.67
Cryptotia 33 3.2 6 4.6 27 3.0 0.30
Oro-facial cleft 253 24.9 32 24.7 221 24.9 0.97
Cleft palate 54 5.3 7 5.4 47 5.3 0.96
Cleft lip with or without palate 198 19.5 26 20.1 172 19.4 0.83
Facial cleft 9 0.9 0 0.0 9 1.0 0.61
Respiratory system 52 5.1 7 5.4 45 5.1 0.88
Intralobar sequestration 5 0.5 1 0.8 4 0.5 0.49
Congenital cystic adenomatoid
malformation		 15 1.5 3 2.3 12 1.4 0.43
Pulmonary hypoplasia 34 3.3 4 3.1 30 3.4 1.00
Congenital heart disease 1230 120.9 110 84.9 1120 126.2 <.0001
Cardiac arrhythmia 106 10.4 7 5.4 99 11.2 0.06
Abdominal wall defects 261 25.7 17 13.1 244 27.5 0.003
Omphalocele 243 23.9 13 10.0 230 25.9 0.001
Gastroschisis 21 2.1 4 3.1 17 1.9 0.33
Digestive system 140 13.8 20 15.4 120 13.5 0.58
Esophageal atresia with or
without fistula		 23 2.3 6 4.6 17 1.9 0.06
Duodenal atresia/stenosis 19 1.9 2 1.5 17 1.9 1.00
Intestinal atresia/stenosis 18 1.8 3 2.3 15 1.7 0.49
Anorectal atresia/stenosis 46 4.5 7 5.4 39 4.4 0.61
Diaphragmatic hernia 43 4.2 3 2.3 40 4.5 0.26
Urinary system 265 26.0 32 24.7 233 26.2 0.75
Congenital hydronephrosis 217 21.3 26 20.1 191 21.5 0.74
Cystic kidney 37 3.6 4 3.1 33 3.7 1.00
Renal agenesis 13 1.3 2 1.5 11 1.2 0.68
Bladder exstrophy 3 0.3 1 0.8 2 0.2 0.34
Genital system 73 7.2 4 3.1 69 7.8 0.06
Hypospadias 66 6.5 4 3.1 62 7.0 0.10
Indeterminate sex 9 0.9 1 0.8 8 0.9 1.00
Limb 273 26.8 50 38.6 223 25.1 0.01
Polydactyly 184 18.1 39 30.1 145 16.3 0.001
　　　Polydactyly of fingers 111 10.9 19 14.7 92 10.4 0.17
　　　Polydactyly of toes 89 8.7 23 17.7 66 7.4 0.0002
Syndactyly 135 13.3 24 18.5 111 12.5 0.08
　　　Syndactyly of fingers 47 4.6 10 7.7 37 4.2 0.08
　　　Syndactyly of toes 104 10.2 16 12.3 88 9.9 0.42
Cleft hand or foot 10 1.0 2 1.5 8 0.9 0.37
　　　Cleft hand 5 0.5 1 0.8 4 0.5 0.49
　　　Cleft foot 7 0.7 2 1.5 5 0.6 0.22
Skeletal dysplasia 12 1.2 0 0.0 12 1.4 0.38
Thanatophoric dysplasia 6 0.6 0 0.0 6 0.7 1.00
Acrodysostosis, not specificied 6 0.6 0 0.0 6 0.7 1.00
Chromosomal 208 20.4 22 17.0 186 21.0 0.35
Down syndrome 153 15.0 14 10.8 139 15.7 0.18
Trisomy 18 45 4.4 6 4.6 39 4.4 0.90
Trisomy 13 8 0.8 2 1.5 6 0.7 0.27
Turner syndrome 6 0.6 1 0.8 5 0.6 0.56
Others
Ablepharon 13 1.3 0 0.0 13 1.5 0.39
Epidermolysis bullosa 15 1.5 2 1.5 13 1.5 1.00
Developmental dysplasia of the hip 14 1.4 3 2.3 11 1.2 0.41
Congenital multiple arthrogryposis 8 0.8 2 1.5 6 0.7 0.27
Floppy infant 16 1.6 2 1.5 14 1.6 1.00
Conjoined twins 4 0.4 1 0.8 3 0.3 0.42
Amniotic band constriction 9 0.9 4 3.1 5 0.6 0.02
Minor anomalies
Microtia 40 3.9 1 0.8 39 4.4 0.052
Low set ears 93 9.1 8 6.2 85 9.6 0.23
Natal teeth 64 6.3 9 6.9 55 6.2 0.75
Inguinal hernia 112 11.0 11 8.5 101 11.4 0.35
Undescended testis/cryptorchidism 307 30.2 25 19.3 282 31.8 0.02
Enlarged clitoris 12 1.2 2 1.5 10 1.1 0.66
Abnormal Vaginal Opening 3 0.3 0 0.0 3 0.3 1.00
Hemangioma 756 74.3 80 61.7 676 76.2 0.07
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Table 3. Crude and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis Results for Fukushima RC Using the Other 14 RCs as a Reference.

From: Congenital Anomalies in Infants in Fukushima from 2011 to 2014: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

COR 95%CI p AOR 95%CI p
Major
anomalies		 0.827 0.736 - 0.929 0.001 0.852 0.757 - 0.958 0.01
Central nervous system 0.922 0.653 - 1.299 0.64 0.974 0.689 - 1.377 0.88
Neural tube defect 0.685 0.331 - 1.417 0.31 0.709 0.341 - 1.472 0.36
Anencephaly 0.457 0.109 - 1.911 0.28 0.475 0.113 - 1.997 0.31
Encephalocele 1.082 0.320 - 3.656 0.90 -
Myelomeningocele/Spina bifida 0.856 0.303 - 2.422 0.77 0.864 0.303 - 2.461 0.78
Hydrocephaly 0.867 0.449 - 1.674 0.67 0.966 0.498 - 1.876 0.92
Microcephaly 0.381 0.092 - 1.581 0.18 -
Holoprosencephaly 0.901 0.355 - 2.290 0.83 -
Craniotabes 1.591 0.870 - 2.910 0.13 -
Agenesis of corpus callosum 0.311 0.042 - 2.310 0.25 -
Eye 1.713 0.857 - 3.427 0.13 -
Anophthalmos/microphthalmos 0.685 0.160 - 2.931 0.61 -
Congenital cataract 2.937 1.345 - 6.415 0.01 -
Ear 1.256 0.660 - 2.390 0.49 -
Congenital aural atresia 1.209 0.508 - 2.881 0.67 -
Cryptotia 1.523 0.629 - 3.689 0.35 -
Oro-facial cleft 0.992 0.684 - 1.438 0.97 0.997 0.686 - 1.448 0.99
Cleft palate 1.020 0.461 - 2.258 0.96 -
Cleft lip with or without palate 1.036 0.686 - 1.566 0.87 1.051 0.693 - 1.592 0.82
Facial cleft <0.001 <0.001 - >999.999 0.96 -
Respiratory system 1.066 0.481 - 2.364 0.88 1.037 0.465 - 2.312 0.93
Intralobar sequestration 1.713 0.191 - 15.325 0.63 -
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation 1.713 0.483 - 6.071 0.40 -
Pulmonary hypoplasia 0.913 0.322 - 2.593 0.86 -
Congenital heart disease 0.670 0.550 - 0.816 <.0001 0.693 0.569 - 0.845 0.0003
Cardiac arrhythmia 0.484 0.225 - 1.042 0.06 0.494 0.229 - 1.067 0.07
Abdominal wall defects 0.477 0.291 - 0.780 0.003 0.500 0.305 - 0.819 0.01
Omphalocele 0.387 0.221 - 0.677 0.001 0.404 0.231 - 0.708 0.002
Gastroschisis 1.612 0.542 - 4.792 0.39 -
Digestive system 1.142 0.711 - 1.834 0.58 1.197 0.743 - 1.929 0.46
Esophageal atresia with or without fistula 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2.419 0.953 - 6.135 0.06 -
Duodenal atresia/stenosis 0.806 0.186 - 3.489 0.77 -
Intestinal atresia/stenosis 1.370 0.397 - 4.734 0.62 -
Anorectal atresia/stenosis 1.230 0.550 - 2.750 0.61 -
Diaphragmatic hernia 0.514 0.159 - 1.661 0.27 -
Urinary system 0.941 0.650 - 1.362 0.75 0.966 0.665 - 1.401 0.85
Congenital hydronephrosis 0.932 0.619 - 1.405 0.74 0.965 0.639 - 1.458 0.87
Cystic kidney 0.830 0.294 - 2.344 0.73 -
Renal agenesis 1.246 0.276 - 5.621 0.77 -
Bladder exstrophy 3.426 0.311 - 37.781 0.31 -
Genital system 0.397 0.145 - 1.088 0.07 0.419 0.153 - 1.153 0.09
Hypospadias 0.442 0.161 - 1.215 0.11 -
Indeterminate sex 0.856 0.107 - 6.847 0.88 -
Limb 1.538 1.131 - 2.091 0.01 1.510 1.108 - 2.057 0.01
Polydactyly 1.845 1.295 - 2.629 0.001 1.826 1.277 - 2.609 0.001
Polydactyly of fingers 1.415 0.863 - 2.320 0.17 -
Polydactyly of toes 2.390 1.486 - 3.843 0.0003 -
Syndactyly 1.482 0.953 - 2.305 0.08 1.456 0.934 - 2.271 0.10
Syndactyly of fingers 1.852 0.921 - 3.726 0.08 -
Syndactyly of toes 1.246 0.731 - 2.123 0.42 1.239 0.724 - 2.118 0.43
Cleft hand or foot 1.713 0.364 - 8.067 0.50 -
Cleft hand 1.713 0.191 - 15.325 0.63 -
Cleft foot 2.741 0.532 - 14.127 0.23 -
Skeletal dysplasia <0.001 <0.001 - >999.999 0.97 -
Thanatophoric dysplasia <0.001 <0.001 - >999.999 0.97 -
Acrodysostosis, not specificied <0.001 <0.001 - >999.999 0.97 -
Chromosomal 0.810 0.521 - 1.261 0.35 0.896 0.574 - 1.398 0.63
Down syndrome 0.690 0.398 - 1.195 0.19 0.773 0.444 - 1.343 0.36
Trisomy 18 1.054 0.446 - 2.490 0.90 1.158 0.487 - 2.753 0.74
Trisomy 13 2.284 0.461 - 11.316 0.31 -
Turner syndrome 　 1.371 0.160 - 11.730 0.77 -
Other 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Ablepharon <0.001 <0.001 - >999.999 0.97 -
Epidermolysis bullosa 1.054 0.238 - 4.671 0.94 -
Developmental dysplasia of the hip 1.869 0.521 - 6.699 0.34 -
Congenital multiple arthrogryposis 2.284 0.461 - 11.316 0.31 -
Floppy infant 0.979 0.222 - 4.307 0.98 -
Conjoined twins 2.284 0.238 - 21.956 0.47 -
Amniotic band constriction 5.482 1.472 - 20.417 0.01 -
Minor anomalies
Microtia 0.176 0.024 - 1.278 0.09 0.175 0.024 - 1.275 0.09
Low set ears 0.645 0.312 - 1.331 0.24 0.705 0.340 - 1.461 0.35
Natal teeth 1.121 0.554 - 2.269 0.75 1.120 0.550 - 2.277 0.76
Inguinal hernia 0.746 0.400 - 1.391 0.36 0.777 0.416 - 1.452 0.43
Undescended testis/cryptorchidism 0.607 0.403 - 0.913 0.02 0.617 0.409 - 0.930 0.02
Enlarged clitoris 1.371 0.301 - 6.256 0.68 -
Abnormal Vaginal Opening <0.001 <0.001 - >999.999 0.97 -
Hemangioma 0.810 0.642 - 1.022 0.08 -
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