Table 1. Characteristics of 82,773 Women Who Delivered at the Cooperating Hospitals in the 23 Tokyo Wards in 2013-2015.

From: Maternal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Its Chemical Components Increasing the Occurrence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Japanese Women

Variables n* %
Maternal age at delivery (years) <25 3,205 3.9
25-29 13,420 16.2
30-34 28,359 34.3
≥35 37,789 45.6
Parity 0 49,978 60.4
≥1 32,778 39.6
Smoking during pregnancy No 65,218 96.4
Yes 2,416 3.6
Alcohol drinking during pregnancy No 57,553 96.0
Yes 2,395 4.0
Prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) <18.5 13,772 19.6
18.5-24.9 51,449 73.2
≥25.0 5,066 7.2
Infertility treatment No 69,624 84.1
Ovarian stimulation/artificial
insemination by sperm from
husband
5,276 6.4
Assisted reproductive technology 7,873 9.5
Past history of gestational
diabetes mellitus
No 82,712 99.9
Yes 61 0.1
Season of conception Spring (March-May) 19,969 24.1
Summer (June-August) 20,285 24.5
Autumn (September-November) 21,443 25.9
Winter (December-February) 21,076 25.5
Table 2. Summary Statistics of Pollutant Exposures in the 23 Tokyo Wards.

From: Maternal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Its Chemical Components Increasing the Occurrence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Japanese Women

Exposure over the first trimester
(0-13 weeks of gestation)
Exposure over the 3
months before
pregnancy
Exposure over the second
trimester (14-27 weeks of
gestation)
No. of
women
Mean (SD) Percentile Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
25 50 75
Total PM2.5 (μg/m3) 82,773 16.8 (2.6) 14.9 16.1 18.5 16.7 (2.8) 16.8 (2.6)
PM2.5 components (μg/m3)*
 Total carbon 67,136 4.0 (0.5) 3.7 4.1 4.3 3.9 (0.6) 3.9 (0.6)
  OC 67,136 2.7 (0.4) 2.4 2.7 2.9 2.6 (0.5) 2.6 (0.4)
  EC 67,136 1.3 (0.2) 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 (0.2) 1.3 (0.2)
 Nitrate 67,136 1.4 (0.8) 0.6 1.3 2.1 1.2 (0.8) 1.3 (0.8)
 Sulfate 67,136 2.8 (1.0) 1.9 2.8 3.6 2.8 (1.1) 2.9 (1.0)
 Ammonium 67,136 1.5 (0.3) 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.4 (0.3) 1.5 (0.3)
 Chloride 67,136 0.20 (0.13) 0.08 0.15 0.34 0.19 (0.15) 0.19 (0.13)
 Sodium 67,136 0.15 (0.03) 0.12 0.15 0.17 0.15 (0.03) 0.15 (0.03)
 Potassium 67,136 0.07 (0.01) 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.07 (0.02) 0.07 (0.01)
 Calcium 67,136 0.07 (0.02) 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.07 (0.02) 0.07 (0.02)
Ozone (ppb) 82,773 35.9 (7.4) 29.3 35.0 42.7 35.7 (7.5) 36.7 (7.6)
Ambient temperature (°C) 82,773 16.5 (7.0) 9.7 16.7 23.3 16.9 (7.2) 16.7 (6.9)
Table 3. Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for the Association between Exposure to Total PM2.5 Mass and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

From: Maternal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Its Chemical Components Increasing the Occurrence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Japanese Women

No. of women No. of
outcomes
OR per IQR increase
(95% CI)*
Exposure over the first trimester (0-13 weeks of gestation)
 Single-exposure period 82,773 3,953 1.09 (1.03-1.16)
 Multiexposure period** 82,773 3,953 1.09 (1.02-1.16)
 Sensitivity analyses
  Restricted to nonsmokers during pregnancy 65,218 3,185 1.10 (1.02-1.18)
  Restricted to nonalcohol drinkers during pregnancy 57,553 3,145 1.11 (1.04-1.19)
  Restricted to women with prepregnancy body mass index <25.0 kg/m2 65,221 2,710 1.09 (1.01-1.17)
  Restricted to women with spontaneous pregnancy 69,624 3,149 1.08 (1.01-1.16)
  Additionally adjusted for ozone concentration and ambient temperature
over the first trimester
82,773 3,953 1.11 (1.02-1.22)
  Restricted to women who delivered in hospitals within 10 km from the
monitoring sites
61,436 2,969 1.08 (1.01-1.14)
Exposure over the 3 months before pregnancy
 Single-exposure period 82,773 3,953 1.00 (0.94-1.05)
 Multiexposure period** 82,773 3,953 0.98 (0.93-1.04)
Exposure over the second trimester (14-27 weeks of gestation)
 Single-exposure period 82,773 3,953 1.06 (1.00-1.12)
 Multiexposure period** 82,773 3,953 1.04 (0.98-1.11)
Table 4. Association between Exposure to PM2.5 Components over the First Trimester (0-13 Weeks of Gestation) and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Single-component Model.

From: Maternal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Its Chemical Components Increasing the Occurrence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Japanese Women

Model OR per IQR increase (95% CI)*
Total carbon Single-exposure period 1.09 (1.04-1.14)
Multiexposure period** 1.07 (0.98-1.16)
Additionally adjusted for total PM2.5 1.06 (0.97-1.16)
 OC Single-exposure period 1.10 (1.04-1.16)
Multiexposure period** 1.10 (1.00-1.21)
Additionally adjusted for total PM2.5 1.10 (1.00-1.21)
 EC Single-exposure period 1.06 (1.00-1.12)
Multiexposure period** 1.04 (0.96-1.12)
Additionally adjusted for total PM2.5 1.03 (0.94-1.12)
Nitrate Single-exposure period 1.16 (1.05-1.28)
Multiexposure period** 1.06 (0.92-1.23)
Additionally adjusted for total PM2.5 1.03 (0.88-1.21)
Sulfate Single-exposure period 1.01 (0.91-1.12)
Multiexposure period** 0.97 (0.87-1.09)
Additionally adjusted for total PM2.5 0.93 (0.78-1.10)
Ammonium Single-exposure period 1.15 (1.04-1.28)
Multiexposure period** 1.02 (0.87-1.19)
Additionally adjusted for total PM2.5 1.10 (0.88-1.38)
Chloride Single-exposure period 1.20 (1.07-1.34)
Multiexposure period** 1.12 (0.98-1.28)
Additionally adjusted for total PM2.5 1.19 (0.99-1.43)
Sodium Single-exposure period 0.99 (0.89-1.10)
Multiexposure period** 0.97 (0.84-1.13)
Additionally adjusted for total PM2.5 0.98 (0.83-1.15)
Potassium Single-exposure period 1.05 (0.99-1.10)
Multiexposure period** 1.03 (0.96-1.09)
Additionally adjusted for total PM2.5 1.02 (0.96-1.09)
Calcium Single-exposure period 1.03 (0.96-1.10)
Multiexposure period** 1.01 (0.93-1.10)
Additionally adjusted for total PM2.5 0.99 (0.90-1.09)
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