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Table 1. Differences in Characteristics between the Groups of Female Japanese University Students Satisfied and Unsatisfied with Their HPV Vaccination Behavior.

From: Factors Related to Satisfaction with Decision-making Regarding Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Behavior among Female University Students in Japan

Factors All Satisfied group Unsatisfied group p-value
n 252 102 150
Age, years * 21.28 ± 0.84 21.60 ± 0.85 21.07 ± 0.76 <0.001
Age: 20, % 17.5 10.8 22.0 <0.001
21, % 43.7 30.4 52.7
22, % 32.5 48.0 22.0
23, % 6.0 9.8 3.3
24, % 0.4 1.0 0.0
University Department: nursing, % 46.2 60.8 39.2 <0.001
HPV vaccination: vaccinated, % 42.5 70.6 29.4 <0.001
Number of vaccinations: three times, % 45.0 59.1 17.6 <0.001
twice, % 34.0 24.2 52.9
once, % 21.0 16.7 29.4
Knowledge, scores * 9.07 ± 4.99 10.97 ± 5.22 7.78 ± 4.40 <0.001
Attitude scale scores
　Family health awareness ≥16 a, % 60.7 66.7 56.7 0.111
　Contact with vaccination topics ≥9 a, % 49.6 61.8 41.3 0.001
　Ability to adjust to vaccination ≥16 a, % 56.0 56.9 55.3 0.810
　Threat of cervical cancer ≥10 a, % 71.4 71.6 71.3 0.968
　High affirmation and interest regarding vaccination ≥14 a, % 61.1 65.3 58.0 0.219
　Negative attitude/difficulty regarding vaccination ≥9 a, % 53.2 46.1 58.0 0.063
　Anxiety about vaccines ≥10 a, % 57.1 44.1 66.0 <0.001
　Barriers to vaccination time and cost ≥10 a, % 51.6 47.1 54.7 0.236
Perceptions and behaviors related to sexuality
　Sexual intercourse experience: presence, % 49.6 53.9 46.7 0.258
　Possibility of getting pregnant by sexual intercourse; VAS scores * b 56.0 ± 20.7 54.0 ± 21.5 57.4 ± 20.2 0.198
　Possibility of contracting STIs by sexual intercourse; VAS scores * b 54.1 ± 20.8 50.9 ± 20.0 56.2 ± 21.2 0.049
　Possibility of contracting cervical cancer by sexual intercourse; VAS scores * b 44.6 ± 19.8 42.4 ± 19.7 46.2 ± 19.8 0.130
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Table 2. Factors Related to Satisfaction with HPV Vaccination Behavior among Female Japanese University Students.

From: Factors Related to Satisfaction with Decision-making Regarding Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Behavior among Female University Students in Japan

Factors Comparison OR (95% CI) for satisfied group p-value Multivariable-adjusted* OR (95% CI) for satisfied group * p-value
Age: years vs. per 1year 2.30 (1.63-3.24) <0.001 1.44 (0.96-2.15) 0.078
HPV vaccination: vaccinated vs. non-vaccinated 7.89 (4.46-13.94) <0.001 5.46 (2.51-11.89) <0.001
University Department: nursing vs. non-nursing 2.60 (1.55-4.36) <0.001 1.24 (0.61-2.53) 0.557
Knowledge: scores vs. per 1 point 1.15 (1.09-1.21) <0.001 1.09 (1.01-1.17) 0.033
Attitude scale scores
Family health awareness: ≥16 a vs. <16 a 1.53 (0.91-2.58) 0.111
Contact with vaccination topics: ≥9 a vs. <9 a 2.29 (1.37-3.84) 0.002 1.42 (0.69-2.94) 0.345
Ability to adjust to vaccination: ≥16 a vs. <16 a 1.06（0.64-1.77） 0.810
Threat of cervical cancer: ≥10 a vs. <10 a 0.99（0.57-1.73） 0.968
High affirmation and interest regarding vaccination: ≥14 a vs. <14 a 1.39 (0.82-2.34) 0.220
Negative attitude/difficulty regarding vaccination: ≥9 a vs. <9 a 0.62 (0.37-1.03) 0.063
Anxiety about vaccines: ≥10 a vs. <10 a 0.41 (0.24-0.68) <0.001 0.63 (0.34-1.18) 0.149
Barriers to vaccination time and cost: ≥10 a vs. <10 a 0.74 (0.45-1.22) 0.236
Perceptions and behaviors related to sexuality
Sexual intercourse experience: presence vs. absence 1.34 (0.81-2.22) 0.259
Possibility of getting pregnant by sexual intercourse; VAS scores b vs. per 1 point 0.92 (0.82-1.04) 0.198
Possibility of contracting STIs by sexual intercourse; VAS scores b vs. per 1 point 0.88 (0.78-1.000) 0.050 0.83 (0.72-0.96) 0.012
Possibility of contracting cervical cancer by sexual intercourse; VAS scores b vs. per 1 point 0.91 (0.78-1.03) 0.131
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Table 3. Differences in Characteristics and Factors Influencing HPV Vaccination Decisions between the Vaccinated Group and the Non-Vaccinated Group among Female Japanese University Students.

From: Factors Related to Satisfaction with Decision-making Regarding Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Behavior among Female University Students in Japan

Factors All Vaccinated group Non-vaccinated group p-value
n 107 145
Age, years * 21.70 ± 0.76 20.97 ± 0.75 <0.001
Age: 20, % 4.7 26.9 <0.001
21, % 32.7 51.7
22, % 51.4 18.6
23, % 10.3 2.8
24, % 0.9 0.0
University Department: nursing, % 62.6 35.2 <0.001
Knowledge, scores * 11.31 ± 4.74 7.42 ± 4.52 <0.001
Attitude scale scores
Family health awareness ≥16 a, % 71.0 53.1 0.004
Contact with vaccination topics ≥9 a, % 79.4 27.6 <0.001
Ability to adjust to vaccination ≥16 a, % 67.3 47.6 0.002
Threat of cervical cancer ≥10 a, % 71.0 71.7 0.904
High affirmation and interest regarding vaccination ≥14 a, % 72.9 52.4 <0.001
Negative attitude/difficulty regarding vaccination ≥9 a, % 35.5 66.2 <0.001
Anxiety about vaccines ≥10 a, % 41.1 69.0 <0.001
Barriers to vaccination time and cost ≥10 a, % 36.4 62.8 <0.001
Influencing factors
Parental recommendation: yes, % 46.8 85.0 18.6 <0.001
Health care provider’s recommendation: yes, % 2.8 5.6 0.7 0.044
Schoolteacher’s recommendation: yes, % 8.3 16.8 2.1 <0.001
Sexual education: yes, % 4.8 6.5 3.4 0.254
Vaccination of friends: yes, % 8.3 12.1 5.5 0.060
Cost of vaccination: yes, % 27.4 21.5 31.7 0.072
Problems with adverse reactions: yes, % 29.4 5.6 46.9 <0.001
Free coupon: yes, % 13.5 28.0 2.8 <0.001
Perceptions and behaviors related to sexuality
Sexual intercourse experience: presence, % 58.9 42.8 0.011
Possibility of getting pregnant by sexual intercourse; VAS scores * b 56.3 ± 20.9 55.8 ± 20.7 0.832
Possibility of contracting STIs by sexual intercourse; VAS scores * b 54.3 ± 20.0 53.9 ± 21.5 0.880
Possibility of contracting cervical cancer by sexual intercourse; VAS scores * b 45.1 ± 20.3 44.4 ± 19.5 0.780
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Table 4. Factors Related to HPV Vaccination Behavior among Female Japanese University Students.

From: Factors Related to Satisfaction with Decision-making Regarding Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Behavior among Female University Students in Japan

Factors Comparison OR (95% CI) for vaccinated group p-value Multivariable-adjusted* OR (95% CI) for the vaccinated group p-value
Age: years vs. per 1year 3.51 (2.37-5.20) <0.001 2.36 (1.12-5.00) 0.025
University Department: nursing vs. non-nursing 3.09 (1.84-5.19) <0.001 1.65 (0.50-5.49) 0.414
Knowledge: scores vs. per 1 point 1.91 (1.12-1.26) <0.001 1.13 (0.99-1.28) 0.064
Attitude scale scores
Family health awareness: ≥16 a vs. <16 a 2.17 (1.27-3.68) 0.004 2.20 (0.72-6.69) 0.166
Contact with vaccination topics: ≥9 a vs. <9 a 10.14 (5.60-18.36) <0.001 3.45 (1.11-10.72) 0.033
Ability to adjust to vaccination: ≥16 a vs. <16 a 2.27 (1.35-3.81) 0.002 1.28 (0.43-3.79) 0.652
Threat of cervical cancer: ≥10 a vs. <10 a 0.97 (0.56-1.68) 0.904
High affirmation and interest regarding vaccination: ≥14 a vs. <14 a 2.44 (1.43-4.18) 0.001 1.57 (0.49-5.04) 0.447
Negative attitude/difficulty regarding vaccination: ≥9 a vs. <9 a 0.28 (0.17-0.48) <0.001 0.40 (0.13-1.23) 0.108
Anxiety about vaccines: ≥10 a vs. <10 a 0.31 (0.19-0.53) <0.001 0.77 (0.25-2.40) 0.649
Barriers to vaccination time and cost: ≥10 a vs. <10 a 0.34 (0.20-0.57) <0.001 0.63 (0.21-1.88) 0.403
Influencing factors
Parental recommendation: yes vs. no 24.86 (12.64-48.87) <0.001 31.86 (9.81-103.47) <0.001
Health care provider’s recommendation vs. no 8.55 (1.01-72.15) 0.048 1.85 (0.04-84.59) 0.752
Schoolteacher’s recommendation: yes vs. no 9.57 (2.74-33.44) <0.001 2.88 (0.49-16.75) 0.240
Sexual education: yes vs. no 1.96 (0.61-6.35) 0.262
Vaccination of friends: yes vs. no 2.37 (0.95-5.94) 0.066
Cost of vaccination: yes vs. no 0.59 (0.33-1.05) 0.073
Problems with adverse reactions: yes vs. no 0.07 (0.03-0.16) <0.001 0.06 (0.01-0.24) <0.001
Free coupon: yes vs. no 13.73 (4.67-40.43) <0.001 4.96 (1.11-22.16) 0.036
Perceptions and behaviors related to sexuality
Sexual intercourse experience: presence vs. absence 1.92 (1.16-3.18) 0.012 1.55 (0.54-4.49) 0.415
Possibility of getting pregnant by sexual intercourse; VAS scores b vs. per 1 point 1.01 (0.90-1.14) 0.831
Possibility of contracting STIs by sexual intercourse; VAS scores b vs. per 1 point 1.01 (0.90-1.14) 0.879
Possibility of contracting cervical cancer by sexual intercourse; VAS scores b vs. per 1 point 1.02 (0.90-1.16) 0.779
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