Table 1. Definition of Sarcopenia.

From: Muscle Mass Assessment in Sarcopenia: A Narrative Review

Consensus group Year A. Muscle mass B. Muscle strength C. Physical performance Diagnosis
ESPEN-SIG (2) 2010 ALM/weight ≤ −2 SD of 18-39 years in the same sex and ethnicity - Gait speed <0.8 m/s in 4-m walk C and A
EWGSOP (3) 2010 ALM/height2 (kg/m2) Grip strength (kg) Gait speed ≤0.8 m/s (B and/or C) and A
≤5.67 (F), ≤7.23 (M) <20 (F), <30 (M)
IWGS (6) 2011 ALM/height2 (kg/m2) - Gait speed ≤1.0 m/s C and A
≤5.67 (F), ≤7.23 (M)
SCWD (7) 2011 ALM/height2 ≤ −2 SD of 20 and 30 years in the same ethnicity - Gait speed ≤1.0 m/s C and A
400-m walk ≥6 min or fail
AWGS (4) 2014 ALM/height2 (kg/m2) Grip strength (kg) Gait speed <0.8 m/s in 6-m walk (B and/or C) and A
DEXA: ≤5.40 (F), ≤7.00 (M) <18 (F), <26 (M)
BIA: ≤5.70 (F), ≤7.00 (M)
FNIH (5) 2014 ALM/BMI (m2) Grip strength (kg) - B and A
≤0.512 (F), ≤0.789 (M) <16 (F), <26 (M)
EWGSOP (9) 2018 ALM (kg) <15 (F), <20 (M) Grip strength (kg) Gait speed ≤0.8 m/s B and A
ALM/height2 (kg/m2) <16 (F), <27 (M) Short Physical Performance Battery ≤8 points
<5.5 (F), <7.0 (M) Chair stand
>15 s/five rises Timed Up & Go test ≥20 s
400-m walk ≥6 min or fail
AWGS (10) 2019 ALM/height2 (kg/m2) Grip strength (kg) Gait speed <1.0 m/s (B and/or C) and A
DEXA: ≤5.4 (F), ≤7.0 (M) <18 (F), <28 (M) Chair stand ≥12 s/five rises
BIA: ≤5.7 (F), ≤7.0 (M) Short Physical Performance Battery ≤9 points
SDOC (11) 2020 - Grip strength (kg) Gait speed <0.8 m/s B and C
<20 (F), <35.5 (M)
Table 2. Summary of Measurement Methods of Skeletal Muscle Mass.

From: Muscle Mass Assessment in Sarcopenia: A Narrative Review

Measurement methods Time Equipment Cost Target muscles Measures Cutoff Adverse effect
Direct methods
 Computed tomography (CT) Short Fixed High Specific muscle Cross-sectional area No High-level radiation
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Long Fixed High Whole-body, components, specific muscle Cross-sectional area No -
 Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) Short Fixed Low Whole-body, components ALM Yes Low-level radiation
 Skeletal muscle ultrasound Short Portable Low Specific muscle Muscle thickness No -
Muscle thickness
Indirect methods
 Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) Short Portable Low Whole-body, components ASM Yes -
 D3-creatine dilution method Long - High Whole-body Creatine pool size No -
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