Figure and Table | People with Visual Impairment Continue to Experience Difficulties in Their Daily Lives that Affect Their Health-related Quality of Life after the COVID-19 Pandemic

Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Participants.

From: People with Visual Impairment Continue to Experience Difficulties in Their Daily Lives that Affect Their Health-related Quality of Life after the COVID-19 Pandemic

Characteristics		n (%)
Sex	Male	42 (64.6)
	Female	22 (33.8)
	Other	1 (1.5)
Age, year	Mean ± SD	66.0 ± 11.4
Grade of Visual Impairment^a	Grade 1	44 (67.7)
	Grade 2	19 (29.2)
	Grade 3	1 (1.5)
	Grade 6	1 (1.5)
Living with family	Yes	47 (72.3)
Living with family	No	18 (27.7)
Can go out alone	Yes	52 (80.0)
Can go out alone	No	13 (20.0)
Guide helper service user^b	Yes	44 (67.7)
Guide helper service user^b	No	21 (32.3)
Employment status	Employed	44 (67.7)
Employment status	Unemployed	21 (32.3)
ED-5D-5L, HRQOL	Mean ± SD	0.8 ± 0.2
ED-5D-5L, HRQOL	Median (IQR)	0.8 (0.7-1.0)
Life satisfaction	Mean ± SD	6.1 ± 2.3
Life satisfaction	Median (IQR)	7.0 (5.0-8.0)

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Table 2. Associations between Experiences of Difficulties in Daily Life, and HRQOL and Life Satisfaction among the People with Visual Impairment after the COVID-19 Pandemic.

From: People with Visual Impairment Continue to Experience Difficulties in Their Daily Lives that Affect Their Health-related Quality of Life after the COVID-19 Pandemic

Questionnaire items and response on experiences of difficulties in daily life		n (%)	ED-5D-6L, HRQOL		Life Satisfaction
		n (%)	Median (IQR)	P-value^a	Median (IQR)	P-value^a
It is difficult to communicate through partitions, ventilation, and masks used for infection control because it is difficult to hear the other party’s voice	“Yes”	55 (84.6)	0.82 (0.71-0.89)	.065	7.00 (5.00-8.00)	.346
	“No”	10(15.4)	0.94 (0.83-1.00)		5.50 (4.00-7.00)
From the perspective of infection control, I feel it is difficult to touch and check things when shopping or traveling	“Yes”	52(80.0)	0.82 (0.72-0.89)	.518	7.00 (5.00-8.00)	.473
	“No”	13(20.0)	0.87 (0.75-1.00)		6.00 (5.00-7.00)
I don’t know what kind of infection control measures (alcohol disinfection, temperature measurement, etc.) are required on the go	“Yes”	44(67.7)	0.82 (0.73-0.95)	.519	6.00 (5.00-7.00)	.204
	“No”	21(32.3)	0.89 (0.71-1.00)		8.00 (5.00-8.00)
It is difficult to cope with social distancing	“Yes”	53(81.5)	0.82 (0.71-0.89)	.162	6.00 (5.00-8.00)	.419
It is difficult to cope with social distancing	“No”	12(18.5)	0.88 (0.81-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
Feeling anxious about infection when contacting guide helpers^b	“Yes”	10(22.7)	0.81 (0.71-0.89)	.923	6.00 (5.00-8.00)	.649
	“No”	34(77.3)	0.81 (0.71-0.89)		6.50 (5.00-8.00)
Unless I know the guide helper well (familiar/previously involved), I feel anxious about infection^b	“Yes”	13(29.5)	0.75 (0.66-0.89)	.224	5.00 (4.00-8.00)	.317
	“No”	31(70.5)	0.82 (0.73-0.89)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
Concerns about infectious diseases made it difficult to use guide helpers^b	“Yes”	15 (34.1)	0.74 (0.70-0.79)	.032	6.00 (4.50-7.50)	.27
	“No”	29(65.9)	0.89 (0.74-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
I began to feel apologetic for using guide helpers^b	“Yes”	20(45.5)	0.74 (0.59-0.86)	.032	5.00 (5.00-8.00)	.311
I began to feel apologetic for using guide helpers^b	“No”	24(54.5)	0.88 (0.76-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
It has become difficult to ask for assistance from others in the city	“Yes”	43 (66.2)	0.80 (0.70-0.89)	.009	6.00 (5.00-8.00)	.394
	“No”	22 (33.8)	0.95 (0.80-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
There were fewer opportunities to receive support from strangers	“Yes”	36(55.4)	0.78 (0.70-0.89)	.013	6.00 (5.00-8.00)	.178
	“No”	29(44.6)	0.89 (0.82-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
There are now fewer opportunities to engage with supporters and non-visually impaired people	“Yes”	45(69.2)	0.80 (0.70-0.89)	.005	6.00 (5.00-8.00)	.191
	“No”	20(30.8)	1.00 (0.81-1.00)		7.00 (5.50-8.00)
Even if I ask for help, such as guidance, I feel that they are being wary	“Yes”	29(44.6)	0.80 (0.71-0.89)	.019	6.00 (4.00-8.00)	.344
	“No”	36(55.4)	0.89 (0.74-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
Enthusiasm for hobbies and leisure activities decreased	“Yes”	31(47.7)	0.78 (0.72-0.85)	.019	6.00 (5.00-7.00)	.435
Enthusiasm for hobbies and leisure activities decreased	“No”	34(52.3)	0.89 (0.75-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
There are fewer opportunities to partake in hobbies and leisure activities	“Yes”	47(72.3)	0.80 (0.70-0.89)	.003	6.00 (5.00-8.00)	.367
	“No”	18(27.7)	1.00 (0.83-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
I am not able to do the hobbies and leisure activities I want	“Yes”	48(73.8)	0.82 (0.70-0.89)	.1	6.00 (5.00-8.00)	.143
	“No”	17(26.2)	0.89 (0.76-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
I don’t feel like starting a new hobby or leisure activity	“Yes”	28(43.1)	0.79 (0.72-0.89)	.124	6.00 (5.00-8.00)	.676
	“No”	37(56.9)	0.87 (0.75-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
Instead of using guide helpers, I have asked my family and friends more and more	“Yes”	18(27.7)	0.82 (0.74-0.89)	.728	6.00 (5.00-8.00)	.911
	“No”	47(72.3)	0.83 (0.71-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
I spend more time with my family and friends	“Yes”	27(41.5)	0.87 (0.74-0.95)	.554	7.00 (5.00-8.00)	.32
I spend more time with my family and friends	“No”	38(58.5)	0.82 (0.71-1.00)		6.00 (5.00-8.00)
I feel that my relationship with family and friends has improved	“Yes”	21(32.3)	0.89 (0.82-0.89)	.057	8.00 (5.00-8.00)	.025
	“No”	44(67.7)	0.79 (0.69-1.00)		6.00 (5.00-7.00)
I care more about my family and friends	“Yes”	49(75.4)	0.82 (0.73-0.89)	.258	7.00 (5.00-8.00)	.653
I care more about my family and friends	“No”	16(24.6)	0.88 (0.71-1.00)		6.50 (4.50-7.50)
Opportunities for communication with others using ICT have increased	“Yes”	52(80.0)	0.82 (0.72-0.89)	.471	7.00 (5.00-8.00)	.109
	“No”	13(20.0)	0.89 (0.73-1.00)		5.00 (4.00-6.00)
The use of ICT has increased opportunities for visually impaired people to communicate with each other	“Yes”	45(69.2)	0.83 (0.71-1.00)	.763	7.00 (5.00-8.00)	.525
	“No”	20(30.8)	0.80 (0.74-0.95)		6.00 (5.00-7.50)
I do not use ICT because it is difficult to operate	“Yes”	18 (27.7)	0.81 (0.70-0.89)	.304	6.50 (5.00-7.00)	.721
I do not use ICT because it is difficult to operate	“No”	47 (72.3)	0.87 (0.73-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
I would like support in using ICT	“Yes”	45 (69.2)	0.80 (0.66-0.89)	.009	7.00 (5.00-8.00)	.628
I would like support in using ICT	“No”	20 (30.8)	0.89 (0.80-1.00)		6.50 (5.00-8.00)
I have fewer opportunities to go out due to the COVID-19 pandemic	“Yes”	48(73.8)	0.82 (0.72-0.89)	.157	6.50 (5.00-8.00)	.844
	“No”	17(26.2)	0.89 (0.75-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
When I go out, I am more patient about where I want to go (places other than unnecessary and nonurgent, eating out, etc.) because I think it will cause trouble for others	“Yes”	40(61.5)	0.81 (0.71-0.89)	.073	7.00 (5.00-8.00)	.995
	“No”	25(38.5)	0.89 (0.75-1.00)		6.00 (5.00-8.00)
I often refrain from going out because I am worried about the eyes (eyes) around me	“Yes”	21(32.3)	0.80 (0.71-0.89)	.357	7.00 (5.00-8.00)	.966
	“No”	44(67.7)	0.85 (0.73-1.00)		6.50 (5.00-8.00)
By using home delivery and mail order, we have reduced the opportunities to make contact with people as much as possible	“Yes”	32(49.2)	0.79 (0.72-0.89)	.263	6.00 (5.00-8.00)	.262
	“No”	33(50.8)	0.89 (0.73-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
I feel less motivated to work^c	“Yes”	18(34.6)	0.75 (0.71-0.82)	.002	5.50 (4.00-7.00)	.087
I feel less motivated to work^c	“No”	34(65.4)	0.89 (0.80-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
The amount of work has decreased^c	“Yes”	29(55.8)	0.82 (0.74-0.89)	.502	6.00 (5.00-8.00)	.373
The amount of work has decreased^c	“No”	23(44.2)	0.87 (0.75-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
I am not able to play the role I want in my job^c	“Yes”	21(40.4)	0.74 (0.62-0.82)	<.000	6.00 (5.00-7.00)	.025
I am not able to play the role I want in my job^c	“No”	31(59.6)	0.89 (0.81-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)
I don’t feel like starting a new job^c	“Yes”	17(32.7)	0.75 (0.71-0.82)	.010	5.00 (4.00-7.00)	.021
I don’t feel like starting a new job^c	“No”	35(67.3)	0.89 (0.79-1.00)		7.00 (5.00-8.00)

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