Male (n = 391) | Female (n = 537) | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 14.5 ≤ bmi < 22.8 |
Q2 22.8 ≤ bmi < 26.2 |
Q3 26.2 ≤ bmi < 30.3 |
Q4 30.3 ≤ bmi ≤ 52.3 |
Q1 13.9 ≤ bmi < 25.6 |
Q2 25.6 ≤ bmi < 30.1 |
Q3 30.1 ≤ bmi < 33.8 |
Q4 33.8 ≤ bmi ≤ 61.1 |
|||||||||||||
n 97 |
% | n 97 |
% | n 100 |
% | n 97 |
% | p-value | n 131 |
% | n 137 |
% | n 131 |
% | n 138 |
% | p-value | |||
Age class | ||||||||||||||||||||
18–29 | 30 | 30.9 | 27 | 27.8 | 20 | 20.0 | 12 | 12.4 | 0.350 | 50 | 38.2 | 28 | 20.4 | 22 | 16.8 | 20 | 14.5 | 0.002 | ||
30–39 | 21 | 21.7 | 22 | 22.7 | 24 | 24.0 | 23 | 23.7 | 27 | 20.6 | 37 | 27.0 | 33 | 25.2 | 35 | 25.4 | ||||
40–49 | 19 | 19.6 | 19 | 19.6 | 25 | 25.0 | 26 | 26.8 | 18 | 13.7 | 24 | 17.5 | 23 | 17.6 | 29 | 21.0 | ||||
50–59 | 16 | 16.5 | 16 | 16.5 | 19 | 19.0 | 24 | 24.7 | 26 | 19.9 | 28 | 20.4 | 40 | 30.5 | 37 | 26.8 | ||||
60–69 | 11 | 11.3 | 13 | 13.4 | 12 | 12.0 | 12 | 12.4 | 10 | 7.6 | 20 | 14.6 | 13 | 9.9 | 17 | 12.3 | ||||
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||||
iTaukei | 34 | 35.1 | 53 | 54.6 | 56 | 56.0 | 73 | 75.3 | <.0001 | 62 | 47.3 | 89 | 65.0 | 84 | 64.1 | 111 | 80.4 | <.0001 | ||
Fijian of Indian descent | 62 | 63.9 | 40 | 41.2 | 40 | 40.0 | 20 | 20.6 | 68 | 57.9 | 47 | 34.3 | 42 | 32.1 | 22 | 15.9 | ||||
Fijian of other descent | 1 | 1.0 | 4 | 4.1 | 4 | 4.0 | 4 | 4.1 | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.7 | 5 | 3.8 | 5 | 3.6 | ||||
Education | ||||||||||||||||||||
Primary school completed or less | 53 | 54.6 | 43 | 44.33 | 35 | 35.0 | 39 | 40.2 | 0.091 | 58 | 44.3 | 57 | 41.6 | 64 | 48.9 | 59 | 42.8 | 0.893 | ||
Secondary school completed | 33 | 34.0 | 36 | 37.1 | 40 | 40.0 | 35 | 36.1 | 53 | 40.5 | 59 | 43.1 | 52 | 39.7 | 57 | 41.3 | ||||
College/University completed or higher | 11 | 11.3 | 18 | 18.6 | 25 | 25.0 | 23 | 23.7 | 20 | 15.3 | 21 | 15.3 | 15 | 11.5 | 22 | 15.9 | ||||
Marital status | ||||||||||||||||||||
Never married | 37 | 38.1 | 21 | 21.7 | 21 | 21.0 | 15 | 15.5 | 0.008 | 27 | 20.6 | 11 | 8.0 | 12 | 9.2 | 15 | 10.9 | 0.035 | ||
Currently married | 57 | 58.8 | 70 | 72.2 | 70 | 70.0 | 73 | 75.3 | 89 | 67.9 | 106 | 77.4 | 96 | 73.3 | 100 | 72.5 | ||||
Others | 3 | 3.1 | 6 | 6.2 | 6 | 9.0 | 9 | 9.3 | 15 | 11.5 | 20 | 14.1 | 23 | 17.6 | 23 | 16.7 | ||||
Main work in the past 12 months | ||||||||||||||||||||
Farmer | 31 | 32.0 | 27 | 27.8 | 15 | 15.0 | 16 | 16.5 | 0.114 | 1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.0 | <.0001 | ||
Fisher | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 2.1 | 1 | 1.0 | 2 | 2.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | ||||
Forestry | 2 | 2.1 | 3 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||||
Office worker | 4 | 4.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 7.0 | 5 | 5.2 | 5 | 3.8 | 3 | 2.2 | 2 | 1.5 | 9 | 6.5 | ||||
Professional | 8 | 8.3 | 10 | 10.3 | 12 | 12.0 | 14 | 14.4 | 2 | 1.5 | 6 | 4.4 | 4 | 3.1 | 9 | 6.5 | ||||
Service industry | 13 | 13.4 | 12 | 12.4 | 22 | 22.0 | 17 | 17.5 | 4 | 3.1 | 5 | 3.7 | 3 | 2.3 | 6 | 4.4 | ||||
Student | 4 | 4.1 | 7 | 7.2 | 3 | 3.0 | 1 | 1.0 | 20 | 15.3 | 2 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.8 | 4 | 2.9 | ||||
Housewife | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.0 | 81 | 61.8 | 86 | 62.8 | 92 | 70.2 | 77 | 55.8 | ||||
Other | 26 | 26.8 | 26 | 26.8 | 33 | 33.0 | 30 | 30.9 | 9 | 6.9 | 28 | 20.4 | 19 | 14.5 | 26 | 18.8 | ||||
No occupation | 9 | 9.3 | 10 | 10.3 | 7 | 7.0 | 10 | 10.3 | 9 | 6.9 | 7 | 5.1 | 7 | 5.3 | 7 | 5.1 | ||||
Subjective living status | ||||||||||||||||||||
Wealthy or Very comfortable | 16 | 16.5 | 18 | 18.6 | 25 | 25.0 | 21 | 21.7 | 0.806 | 35 | 26.7 | 31 | 22.6 | 25 | 19.1 | 28 | 20.3 | 0.624 | ||
Reasonably comfortable | 47 | 48.5 | 49 | 50.5 | 45 | 45.0 | 48 | 49.5 | 46 | 35.1 | 60 | 43.8 | 58 | 44.3 | 56 | 40.6 | ||||
Just getting along or less | 34 | 35.1 | 30 | 30.9 | 30 | 30.0 | 28 | 28.9 | 50 | 38.2 | 46 | 33.6 | 48 | 36.6 | 54 | 39.0 | ||||
Nutritional status | ||||||||||||||||||||
Categories of HbA1c level, % † | ||||||||||||||||||||
HbA1c < 5.6 | 61 | 62.9 | 62 | 63.9 | 60 | 60.0 | 64 | 66.0 | 0.377 | 88 | 67.2 | 98 | 71.5 | 83 | 63.4 | 86 | 62.3 | 0.143 | ||
5.6 ≤ HBb1c < 6.5 | 26 | 26.8 | 18 | 18.6 | 19 | 19.0 | 20 | 20.6 | 24 | 18.3 | 24 | 17.5 | 22 | 16.8 | 36 | 26.1 | ||||
6.5 ≤ HbA1c or medication | 10 | 10.3 | 17 | 17.5 | 21 | 21.0 | 13 | 13.4 | 19 | 14.5 | 15 | 11.0 | 26 | 19.9 | 16 | 11.6 | ||||
Categories of blood pressure level, mmHg ‡ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Normal | 53 | 54.6 | 32 | 33.0 | 19 | 19.0 | 11 | 11.3 | <.0001 | 88 | 67.2 | 49 | 35.8 | 33 | 25.2 | 23 | 16.7 | <.0001 | ||
Pre-hypertension | 38 | 39.2 | 55 | 56.7 | 62 | 62.0 | 60 | 61.9 | 34 | 26.0 | 69 | 50.4 | 70 | 53.4 | 65 | 47.1 | ||||
Hypertension | 6 | 6.2 | 10 | 10.3 | 19 | 19.0 | 26 | 26.8 | 9 | 6.9 | 19 | 13.9 | 28 | 21.4 | 50 | 36.2 |
Male (n = 391) | Female (n = 537) | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 14.5 ≤ bmi < 22.8 |
Q2 22.8 ≤ bmi < 26.2 |
Q3 26.2 ≤ bmi < 30.3 |
Q4 30.3 ≤ bmi ≤ 52.3 |
Q1 13.9 ≤ bmi < 25.6 |
Q2 25.6 ≤ bmi < 30.1 |
Q3 30.1 ≤ bmi < 33.8 |
Q4 33.8 ≤ bmi < 61.1 |
||||||||||||
n 131 |
% 24.4 |
n 137 |
% 25.5 |
n 133 |
% 24.4 |
n 138 |
% 25.7 |
p-value | n 131 |
% 24.4 |
n 137 |
% 25.5 |
n 131 |
% 24.4 |
n 138 |
% 25.7 |
p-value | ||
Dietary habit (stage) | |||||||||||||||||||
I am not interested in change | 6 | 6.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 4.0 | 5 | 5.2 | 0.458 | 6 | 4.6 | 6 | 4.4 | 3 | 2.3 | 6 | 4.4 | 0.087 | |
I am going to change the behavior in 6 months | 8 | 8.3 | 11 | 11.3 | 14 | 14.0 | 12 | 12.4 | 17 | 13.0 | 26 | 19.0 | 15 | 11.5 | 13 | 9.4 | |||
I am ready to take action within the next 30 days | 58 | 59.8 | 62 | 63.9 | 62 | 62.0 | 54 | 55.7 | 74 | 56.5 | 84 | 61.3 | 85 | 64.9 | 99 | 71.7 | |||
I have changed the behavior more than 6 months ago | 25 | 25.8 | 24 | 24.7 | 20 | 20.0 | 26 | 26.8 | 34 | 26.0 | 21 | 15.3 | 28 | 21.4 | 20 | 14.5 | |||
Physical activity habit (stage) | |||||||||||||||||||
I am not interested in change | 7 | 7.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 3.0 | 5 | 5.2 | 0.179 | 5 | 3.8 | 3 | 2.2 | 3 | 2.3 | 7 | 5.1 | 0.022 | |
I am going to change the behavior in 6 months | 7 | 7.2 | 10 | 10.3 | 17 | 17.0 | 11 | 11.3 | 18 | 13.7 | 23 | 16.8 | 16 | 12.2 | 17 | 12.3 | |||
I am ready to take action within the next 30 days | 57 | 58.8 | 61 | 62.9 | 59 | 59.0 | 58 | 59.8 | 75 | 57.3 | 89 | 65.0 | 85 | 64.9 | 103 | 74.6 | |||
I have changed the behavior more than 6 months ago | 26 | 26.8 | 26 | 26.8 | 21 | 21.0 | 23 | 23.7 | 33 | 25.2 | 22 | 16.1 | 27 | 20.6 | 11 | 8.0 | |||
Smoking (currently) | |||||||||||||||||||
Yes | 55 | 56.7 | 42 | 43.3 | 39 | 39.0 | 26 | 26.8 | 0.0004 | 15 | 11.5 | 18 | 13.1 | 16 | 12.2 | 22 | 15.9 | 0.714 | |
No | 42 | 43.3 | 55 | 56.7 | 61 | 61.0 | 71 | 73.2 | 116 | 88.6 | 119 | 86.9 | 115 | 87.8 | 116 | 84.1 | |||
Alcohol consumption (past 12 months) | |||||||||||||||||||
Dairy | 7 | 7.2 | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 1.0 | 2 | 2.1 | 0.042 | 1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.724 | |
5–6 days a week | 1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 3.0 | 1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||
1–4 days a week | 9 | 9.3 | 9 | 9.3 | 14 | 14.0 | 7 | 7.2 | 2 | 1.5 | 3 | 2.2 | 2 | 1.5 | 3 | 2.2 | |||
1–3 days per month | 21 | 21.7 | 23 | 23.7 | 16 | 16.0 | 12 | 12.4 | 7 | 5.3 | 6 | 4.4 | 5 | 3.8 | 11 | 8.0 | |||
Less than once a month/never | 59 | 60.8 | 64 | 66.0 | 66 | 66.0 | 75 | 77.3 | 121 | 92.4 | 128 | 93.4 | 124 | 94.7 | 124 | 81.0 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | p-value | OR | 95%CI | p-value | |||||
Perception of body image | Appropriate (no: underestimate) |
yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
no | 3.57 | 2.20 | 5.81 | <.0001 | 3.22 | 1.94 | 5.35 | <.0001 | ||
Dietary habit | Have changed behavior more than 6 months ago | yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
no | 1.34 | 0.76 | 2.36 | 0.306 | 1.49 | 0.82 | 2.70 | 0.192 | ||
Physical activity | Have changed behavior more than 6 months ago | yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
no | 1.46 | 0.83 | 2.56 | 0.190 | 1.61 | 0.89 | 2.93 | 0.116 | ||
Smoking | Currently smoke | yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
no | 1.71 | 1.04 | 2.83 | 0.036 | 1.53 | 0.90 | 2.61 | 0.120 | ||
Alcohol consumption | Less than once a month/never past 12 months | yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
no | 0.89 | 0.53 | 1.50 | 0.655 | 0.81 | 0.47 | 1.39 | 0.439 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | p-value | OR | 95%CI | p-value | |||||
Perception of body image | Appropriate (no: underestimate) |
yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
no | 17.05 | 9.78 | 29.71 | <.0001 | 18.11 | 10.10 | 32.47 | <.0001 | ||
Dietary habit | Have changed behavior more than 6 months ago | yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
no | 1.21 | 0.75 | 1.95 | 0.435 | 1.22 | 0.74 | 2.02 | 0.431 | ||
Physical activity | Have changed behavior more than 6 months ago | yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
no | 1.62 | 0.98 | 2.68 | 0.060 | 1.49 | 0.88 | 2.52 | 0.142 | ||
Smoking | Currently smoke | yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
no | 1.15 | 0.66 | 2.00 | 0.628 | 1.05 | 0.58 | 1.90 | 0.864 | ||
Alcohol consumption | Less than once a month/none past 12 months | yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
no | 1.46 | 0.70 | 3.06 | 0.317 | 1.60 | 0.74 | 3.50 | 0.235 |