Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of the Two Cohorts, with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Only and with a Polyvascular Disease.

From: Polyvascular Disease and the Incidence of Cancer in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Characteristic Overall Crude analysis P-value Propensity score-matched analysis P-value
CAD only Polyvascular disease CAD only Polyvascular disease
N = 8856 N = 8140 N = 716 N = 713 N = 713
Age, y 70 ± 11
(71, 63-78)
69 ± 12
(71, 62-77)
74 ± 9
(75, 69-80)
<0.0001 74 ± 9
(75, 69-80)
74 ± 9
(75, 69-80)
0.9416
Male, no. (%) 6659
(74.1)
5980
(73.5)
579
(80.9)
<0.0001 577
(80.9)
576
(80.8)
0.9463
Body mass index, kg/m2 24 ± 3
(24, 22-26)
24 ± 3
(24, 22-26)
24 ± 3
(24, 22-26)
0.5601 24 ± 9
(24, 22-26)
25 ± 8
(24, 22-26)
0.8306
Hypertension, no. (%) 4915
(55.5)
4444
(54.6)
471
(65.8)
<0.0001 475
(66.6)
468
(65.6)
0.6953
Dyslipidemia, no. (%) 5021
(56.7)
4637
(57.0)
384
(53.6)
0.0907 434
(60.9)
383
(53.7)
0.0063
Diabetes mellitus, no. (%) 2384
(26.9)
2174
(26.7)
210
(29.3)
0.1351 220
(30.9)
209
(29.3)
0.5253
Chronic kidney disease, no. (%) 949
(10.7)
785
(9.6)
164
(22.9)
<0.0001 154
(21.6)
161
(22.6)
0.7018
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, no. (%) 159
(1.8)
127
(1.6)
32
(4.5)
<0.0001 29
(4.1)
29
(4.1)
1
Previous stroke, no. (%) 225
(2.5)
188
(2.3)
37
(5.2)
<0.0001 22
(3.1)
36
(5.1)
0.0805
Cigarette smoking, no. (%) 4300
(48.9)
3840
(47.2)
460
(64.3)
<0.0001 460
(64.5)
457
(64.1)
0.8683
Stable ischemic heart disease, no. (%) 8404
(94.9)
7714
(94.8)
690
(96.4)
0.0628 675
(94.7)
687
(96.3)
0.1590
Acute coronary syndrome, no. (%) 452
(5.1)
426
(5.2)
26
(3.6)
0.0628 38
(5.3)
26
(3.7)
0.1248
Previous myocardial infarction, no. (%) 2693
(30.4)
2429
(29.8)
264
(36.9)
0.0001 255
(35.8)
263
(36.9)
0.6569
History of heart failure, no. (%) 388
(4.4)
345
(4.2)
43
(6.0)
0.0354 30
(4.2)
42
(5.9)
0.1830
Left ventricular ejection fraction, % 57 ± 10
(61, 54-64)
58 ± 10
(61, 54-64)
57 ± 11
(61, 53-64)
0.3917 57 ± 11
(61, 53-64)
57 ± 11
(61, 53-64)
0.7928
Percutaneous coronary intervention, no. (%) 3682
(41.6)
3412
(41.9)
270
(37.7)
0.0296 339
(47.6)
267
(37.5)
0.0001
Coronary artery bypass grafting, no. (%) 1172
(13.2)
1022
(12.6)
150
(21.0)
<0.0001 98
(13.7)
150
(21.0)
0.0004
History of aortic dissection, no. (%) 52
(0.6)
- 52
(7.3)
- - 52
(7.3)
-
Aortic aneurysm, no. (%) 343
(3.9)
- 343
(47.9)
- - 342
(48.0)
-
Peripheral arterial disease, no. (%) 273
(3.1)
- 273
(38.1)
- - 271
(38.0)
-
Other arterial diseases, no. (%) 70
(0.8)
- 70
(9.8)
- - 70
(9.8)
-
Medications at final follow-up
Antiplatelets, no. (%) 4707
(53.2)
4322
(53.1)
385
(53.8)
0.7285 386
(54.1)
383
(53.7)
0.9154
Anticoagulants, no. (%) 1449
(16.3)
1302
(16.0)
147
(20.5)
0.0017 135
(18.9)
147
(20.6)
0.4646
Renin-angiotensin inhibitors, no. (%) 3342
(37.7)
3049
(37.5)
293
(40.9)
0.0704 294
(41.2)
291
(40.8)
0.9143
Beta-blockers, no. (%) 3826
(43.2)
3497
(43.0)
329
(46.0)
0.1250 331
(46.4)
329
(46.1)
0.9576
Calcium-channel blockers, no. (%) 3448
(38.9)
3155
(38.8)
293
(40.9)
0.2631 273
(38.3)
291
(40.8)
0.3572
Diuretics, no. (%) 1030
(11.6)
908
(11.2)
122
(17.0)
<0.0001 106
(14.9)
122
(17.1)
0.2784
Statins, no. (%) 4239
(47.9)
3923
(48.2)
316
(44.1)
0.0386 332
(46.6)
315
(44.2)
0.3947
Length of follow-up, days 1072 ± 503
(1095, 719-1469)
1074 ± 505
(1094, 720-1470)
1050 ± 484
(1098, 700-1467)
0.2317 1072 ± 493
(1099, 701-1469)
1049 ± 484
(1096, 697-1467)
0.3615
Table 2. Organ Sites of Cancer in the Two Cohorts: with a Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Only and with a Polyvascular Disease.

From: Polyvascular Disease and the Incidence of Cancer in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Cancer site, no. (%) CAD only
N = 396
Polyvascular disease
N = 63
P-value
Oral cavity and pharynx 12 (3.0) 2 (3.2) 0.9507
Digestive system 183 (46.2) 28 (44.4) 0.7937
 Esophagus 12 (3.0) 3 (4.8) 0.4727
 Stomach 64 (16.2) 6 (9.5) 0.1734
 Small intestine 4 (1.0) 0 (0) 0.4230
 Colon 52 (13.1) 7 (11.1) 0.6563
 Rectum 6 (1.5) 1 (1.6) 0.9654
 Anus, anal canal & anorectum 0 (0) 0 (0) 1.0000
 Liver and intrahepatic bile duct 22 (5.6) 8 (12.7) 0.0331
 Gallbladder and biliary tract 10 (2.5) 1 (1.6) 0.6512
 Pancreas 12 (3.0) 2 (3.2) 0.9507
 Other digestive system 1 (0.3) 0 (0) 0.6897
Respiratory system 57 (14.4) 11 (17.5) 0.5245
 Larynx 3 (0.8) 0 (0) 0.4882
 Lung and bronchus 53 (13.4) 11 (17.5) 0.3856
 Other respiratory organs 1 (0.3) 0 (0) 0.6897
Bones and joints 2 (0.5) 0 (0) 0.5719
Soft tissues (including heart) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1.0000
Skin 9 (2.3) 1 (1.6) 0.7292
Breast 12 (3.0) 0 (0) 0.1615
Genital system 64 (16.2) 9 (14.3) 0.7053
 Uterine cervix and corpus 5 (1.3) 0 (0) 0.3698
 Ovary 1 (0.3) 0 (0) 0.6897
 Prostate 56 (14.1) 9 (14.3) 0.9757
 Other genital organs 2 (0.5) 0 (0) 0.5719
Urinary system 37 (9.3) 7 (11.1) 0.6580
 Urinary bladder 21 (5.3) 4 (6.3) 0.7340
 Kidney and renal pelvis 14 (3.5) 2 (3.2) 0.8847
 Ureter and other urinary organs 2 (0.5) 1 (1.6) 0.3221
Eye and orbit 0 (0) 0 (0) 1.0000
Brain and nervous system 1 (0.3) 1 (1.6) 0.1352
Endocrine system 0 (0) 0 (0) 1.0000
Lymphoma 9 (2.3) 2 (3.2) 0.6637
Myeloma 4 (1.0) 1 (1.6) 0.6818
Leukemia 6 (1.5) 0 (0) 0.3254
Other and unspecified primary sites 0 (0) 1 (1.6) 0.0121
Table 3. Cox-proportional Hazard Analysis for the Incidence of Cancer.

From: Polyvascular Disease and the Incidence of Cancer in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Variable Univariate Multivariate
Chi-squared Hazard ratio
(95% confidence interval)
P-value Chi-squared Hazard ratio
(95% confidence interval)
P-value
Age, for each 1 year 122.355 1.055
(1.044-1.066)
<0.0001 120.687 1.057
(1.046-1.068)
<0.0001
Male 25.016 1.813
(1.423-2.343)
<0.0001 34.475 2.113
(1.630-2.770)
<0.0001
Hypertension 8.221 1.316
(1.090-1.593)
0.0041 2.301 1.159
(0.958-1.407)
0.1293
Chronic kidney disease 19.491 1.785
(1.393-2.258)
<0.0001 4.403 1.312
(1.019-1.670)
0.0359
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3.969 1.806
(1.011-2.953)
0.0464 0.710 1.270
(0.708-2.085)
0.3995
Cigarette smoking 3.325 1.186
(0.987-1.425)
0.0682 0.179 1.043
(0.858-1.270)
0.0672
Polyvascular disease 17.952 1.858
(1.412-2.405)
<0.0001 4.639 1.362
(1.029-1.774)
0.0312
Table 4. Clinical Characteristics of the Subset Cohorts of Polyvascular Disease.

From: Polyvascular Disease and the Incidence of Cancer in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Characteristic one coexisting vascular disease
N = 694
two coexisting vascular diseases
N = 22
P value
Age, y 74 ± 9
(75, 69-80)
76 ± 8
(74, 72-83)
0.1739
Male, no. (%) 562 (81.0) 17 (77.3) 0.5906
Body mass index, kg/m2 24 ± 3
(24, 22-26)
25 ± 4
(24, 22-26)
0.1761
Hypertension, no. (%) 460 (66.3) 11 (50.0) 0.1688
Dyslipidemia, no. (%) 373 (53.8) 11 (50.0) 0.8291
Diabetes mellitus, no. (%) 206 (29.7) 4 (18.2) 0.3421
Chronic kidney disease, no. (%) 159 (22.9) 5 (22.7) 1.0000
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, no. (%) 30 (4.3) 2 (9.1) 0.2575
Previous stroke, no. (%) 36 (5.2) 1 (4.6) 1.0000
Cigarette smoking, no. (%) 446 (64.3) 14 (63.6) 1.0000
Stable ischemic heart disease, no. (%) 668 (96.3) 22 (100) 1.0000
Acute coronary syndrome, no. (%) 26 (3.7) 0 (0) 1.0000
Previous myocardial infarction, no. (%) 251 (36.2) 13 (59.1) 0.0411
History of heart failure, no. (%) 41 (5.9) 2 (9.1) 0.3856
Left ventricular ejection fraction, % 57 ± 11
(61, 53-64)
50 ± 14
(52, 44-62)
0.0059
Percutaneous coronary intervention, no. (%) 257 (37.0) 13 (59.1) 0.0441
Coronary artery bypass grafting, no. (%) 147 (21.2) 3 (13.6) 0.5942
History of aortic dissection, no. (%) 51 (7.4) 1 (4.6) 1.0000
Aortic aneurysm, no. (%) 322 (46.4) 21 (95.4) <0.0001
Peripheral artery disease, no. (%) 251 (36.2) 22 (100) <0.0001
Other arterial diseases, no. (%) 70 (10.1) - -
Medications at final follow-up Antiplatelets, no. (%) 372 (53.6) 13 (59.1) 0.6688
Anticoagulants, no. (%) 142 (20.5) 5 (22.7) 0.7896
Renin-angiotensin inhibitors, no. (%) 284 (40.9) 9 (40.9) 1.0000
Beta-blockers, no. (%) 322 (46.4) 7 (31.8) 0.1983
Calcium-channel blockers, no. (%) 285 (41.1) 8 (36.4) 0.8246
Diuretics, no. (%) 116 (16.7) 6 (27.3) 0.2427
Statins, no. (%) 308 (44.4) 8 (36.4) 0.5184
All-cause death, no. (%) 103 (14.8) 6 (27.3) 0.1272
Cardiovascular death, no. (%) 36 (5.2) 1 (4.6) 1.0000
Cancer death, no. (%) 16 (2.3) 2 (9.1) 0.1025
Length of follow-up, days 1046 ± 482
(1096, 697-1464)
1174 ± 549
(1199, 666-1600)
0.2223
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