| Clinical characteristics | Total n = 120 |
1st period a n = 28 |
2nd period b n = 9 |
3rd period c n = 3 |
4th period d n = 30 |
5th period e n = 50 |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.5 ± 17.0 | 57.2 ± 14.1 | 74.7 ± 10.4 | 39.6 ± 19.8 | 52.1 ± 19.2 | 49.2 ± 14.8 | <0.001f |
| Sex (men) | 60 (50.0) | 14 (50.0) | 5 (55.5) | 1 (50.0) | 14 (46.6) | 26 (52.0) | 0.976 |
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 4.0 | 23.7 ± 3.9 | 21.6 ± 3.4 | 21.8 ± 0.8 | 24.2 ± 4.0 | 23.2 ± 4.1 | 0.522 |
| BMI (unknown) | 2 (1.6) | - | - | - | 1(3.3) | 1(2.0) | - |
| Lifestyle habits | |||||||
| Smoking | 23 (19.6) | 3 (10.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 4 (13.3) | 15 (30.0) | 0.079 |
| Drinking alcohol | 49 (40.8) | 9 (32.1) | 3 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (43.3) | 24 (48.0) | 0.435 |
| Underlying disease | |||||||
| Hypertension | 40 (33.3) | 14 (50.0) | 3 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 6 (20.0) | 16 (32.0) | 0.182 |
| Diabetes | 18 (15.0) | 5 (17.9) | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (10.0) | 8 (16.0) | 0.825 |
| Dyslipidemia | 20 (16.7) | 6 (21.4) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (13.3) | 9 (18.0) | 0.816 |
| Hyperuricemia | 11 (9.2) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (13.3) | 3 (6.0) | 0.799 |
| Heart disease | 11 (9.2) | 1 (3.6) | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.7) | 6 (12.0) | 0.419 |
| Malignancy | 9 (7.5) | 3 (10.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (6.7) | 3 (6.0) | 0.376 |
| Acute-phase symptoms | |||||||
| Cough | 97 (80.8) | 22 (78.6) | 7 (77.8) | 2 (66.7) | 24 (80.0) | 42 (84.0) | 0.818 |
| Expectoration | 57 (47.5) | 11 (39.3) | 5 (55.6) | 2 (66.7) | 12 (40.0) | 27 (54.0) | 0.574 |
| Pharyngeal pain | 61 (50.8) | 8 (28.6) | 6 (66.7) | 2 (66.7) | 16 (53.3) | 29 (58.0) | 0.079 |
| Cough with expectoration | 52 (43.3) | 9 (32.1) | 5 (55.6) | 1 (33.3) | 11 (36.7) | 26 (52.0) | 0.375 |
| Pharyngeal pain with expectoration | 35 (29.2) | 3 (10.7) | 4 (44.4) | 1 (33.3) | 8 (26.7) | 19 (38.0) | 0.065 |
| Respiratory discomfort | 23 (19.2) | 3 (10.7) | 3 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (23.3) | 10 (20.0) | 0.490 |
| Pneumonia | 84 (70.0) | 23 (82.1) | 8 (88.9) | 0 (0.0) | 23 (76.7) | 30 (60.0) | 0.012g |
| Runny nose | 26 (21.7) | 6 (21.4) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (66.7) | 4 (13.3) | 13 (26.0) | 0.790 |
| Nasal congestion | 21 (17.5) | 2 (7.1) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (66.7) | 5 (16.7) | 11 (22.0) | 0.111 |
| Pyrexia | 108 (90.0) | 25 (89.3) | 7 (77.8) | 2 (66.7) | 4 (13.3) | 13 (26.0) | 0.122 |
| Headache | 38 (31.7) | 5 (17.9) | 3 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 11 (36.7) | 18 (36.0) | 0.442 |
| Dysosmia | 32 (26.7) | 12 (42.9) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (33.3) | 3 (10.0) | 15 (30.0) | 0.034h |
| Dysgeusia | 29 (21.7) | 11 (39.3) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (6.7) | 14 (28.0) | 0.023i |
| Abnormal vision | 3 (2.5) | 1 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (2.0) | 1.000 |
| Arthralgia | 15 (12.5) | 4 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (10.0) | 8 (16.0) | 0.794 |
| Myalgia | 9 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (20.0) | 3 (6.0) | 0.059 |
| Body pain | 22 (18.3) | 7 (25.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (16.7) | 9 (18.0) | 0.879 |
| Muscle weakness | 3 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.095 |
| Physical weakness | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.0) | 1.000 |
| Thirst | 7 (5.8) | 4 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (4.0) | 0.424 |
| Diarrhea | 47 (39.2) | 10 (35.7) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (33.3) | 8 (26.7) | 26 (52.0) | 0.147 |
| Nausea | 4 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (8.0) | 0.348 |
| Anorexia | 53 (44.2) | 6 (21.4) | 4 (44.4) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (50.0) | 28 (56.0) | 0.017j |
| Malaise | 70 (58.3) | 15 (53.6) | 6 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 17 (56.7) | 31 (62.0) | 0.821 |
| Clinical characteristics | Total n = 62 |
1st period a n = 13 |
2nd period b n = 5 |
4th period c n = 10 |
5th period d n = 34 |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.7 ± 15.9 | 55.8 ± 15.5 | 71.0 ± 11.7 | 55.7 ± 20.1 | 49.7 ± 13.9 | 0.060 |
| Sex (men) | 30 (48.3) | 7 (53.8) | 3 (60.0) | 4 (40.0) | 16 (47.0) | 0.880 |
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 4.3 | 24.0 ± 5.0 | 20.8 ± 3.4 | 23.9 ± 4.3 | 23.1 ± 4.2 | 0.566 |
| BMI (unknown) | 2 (3.2) | - | - | 1 (10) | 1 (2.9) | - |
| Lifestyle habits | ||||||
| Smoking | 12 (19.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (10) | 11 (32.4) | 0.034e |
| Drinking alcohol | 26 (41.9) | 5 (38.5) | 2 (40.0) | 3 (30.0) | 16 (47.1) | 0.875 |
| Underlying disease | ||||||
| Hypertension | 19 (30.6) | 6 (46.2) | 1 (20.0) | 2 (20.0) | 10 (29.4) | 0.627 |
| Diabetes | 11 (17.7) | 2 (15.4) | 2 (40.0) | 1 (10.0) | 6 (17.6) | 0.584 |
| Dyslipidemia | 10 (16.1) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (10.0) | 7 (20.6) | 0.680 |
| Hyperuricemia | 6 (9.6) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (10.0) | 3 (8.8) | 0.826 |
| Heart disease | 8 (12.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (40.0) | 1 (10.0) | 5 (14.7) | 0.139 |
| Malignancy | 6 (9.6) | 2 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (20.0) | 2 (5.9) | 0.349 |
| concomitant symptoms | ||||||
| Physical weakness | 30 (48.4) | 6 (46.2) | 4 (80.0) | 3 (30.0) | 17 (50.0) | 0.348 |
| Muscle weakness | 18 (29.0) | 4 (30.8) | 3 (60.0) | 3 (30.0) | 8 (23.5) | 0.384 |
| Cough | 10 (16.1) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (40.0) | 5 (14.7) | 0.171 |
| Dysosmia | 9 (14.5) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (23.5) | 0.247 |
| Dysgeusia | 9 (14.5) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (10.0) | 6 (17.6) | 0.847 |
| Respiratory discomfort | 8 (12.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (30.0) | 5 (14.7) | 0.159 |
| Malaise | 5 (8.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (14.7) | 0.362 |
| Sleep disturbance | 3 (4.8) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.9) | 1.000 |
| Pyrexia | 2 (3.2) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.9) | 0.703 |
| Palpitation | 2 (3.2) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.9) | 0.703 |
| Nasal congestion | 1 (1.6) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.452 |
| Headache | 1 (1.6) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.452 |
| Pharyngeal pain | 1 (1.6) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.452 |
| Chilblain | 1 (1.6) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.452 |
| Overall n = 120 |
Patients with COVID-19 sequelae n = 62 |
Patients without COVID-19 sequelae n = 58 |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years n (%) | 53.5 ± 17.0 | 53.7 ± 16.0 | 53.3 ± 18.2 | 0.858 |
| Sex, men n (%) | 60 (50.0) | 30 (48.4) | 30 (51.7) | 0.855 |
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 4.0 | 23.3 ± 4.4 | 23.6 ± 3.6 | 0.183 |
| BMI, unknown n (%) | 2 (1.6) | - | - | - |
| Lifestyle habits | ||||
| Smoking n (%) | 23 (19.6) | 12 (19.4) | 11 (19.0) | 1 |
| Drinking alcohol n (%) | 49 (40.8) | 26 (41.9) | 23 (39.7) | 0.946 |
| Underlying disease | ||||
| Hypertension n (%) | 40 (33.3) | 19 (30.6) | 21 (36.2) | 0.651 |
| Diabetes n (%) | 18 (15.0) | 11 (17.7) | 7 (12.1) | 0.539 |
| Dyslipidemia n (%) | 20 (16.7) | 10 (16.1) | 10 (17.2) | 1 |
| Hyperuricemia n (%) | 11 (9.2) | 6 (9.7) | 5 (8.6) | 1 |
| Heart disease n (%) | 11 (9.2) | 8 (12.9) | 3 (5.2) | 0.25 |
| Malignancy n (%) | 9 (7.5) | 5 (8.5) | 4 (6.6) | 0.959 |
| Acute-phase symptoms | ||||
| Cough n (%) | 97 (80.8) | 54 (87.1) | 43 (74.1) | 0.116 |
| Expectoration n (%) | 57 (47.5) | 35 (59.3) | 22 (36.1) | 0.0179 |
| Pharyngeal pain n (%) | 61 (50.8) | 37 (59.7) | 24 (41.4) | 0.0686 |
| Cough with expectoration n (%) | 52 (43.3) | 36 (66.0) | 16 (29.3) | 0.00146 |
| Pharyngeal pain with expectoration n (%) | 35 (29.2) | 23 (40.4) | 12 (22.0) | 0.0759 |
| Pneumonia n (%) | 84 (70.0) | 44 (71.0) | 40 (69.0) | 0.968 |
| Runny nose n (%) | 26 (21.7) | 16 (25.8) | 10 (17.2) | 0.359 |
| Nasal congestion n (%) | 21 (17.5) | 15 (24.2) | 6 (10.3) | 0.0793 |
| Pyrexia n (%) | 108 (90.0) | 59 (95.2) | 49 (84.5) | 0.1 |
| Headache n (%) | 38 (31.7) | 24 (38.7) | 14 (24.1) | 0.129 |
| Dysosmia n (%) | 32 (26.7) | 23 (37.1) | 9 (15.5) | 0.0539 |
| Dysgeusia n (%) | 29 (21.7) | 20 (32.3) | 9 (15.5) | 0.0254 |
| Abnormal vision n (%) | 3 (2.5) | 2 (3.2) | 1 (1.7) | 0.1 |
| Arthralgia n (%) | 15 (12.5) | 9 (14.5) | 6 (10.3) | 0.679 |
| Myalgia n (%) | 9 (7.5) | 5 (8.1) | 4 (6.9) | 1 |
| Body pain n (%) | 22 (18.3) | 14 (22.6) | 8 (13.8) | 0.314 |
| Muscle weakness n (%) | 3 (2.5) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (3.4) | 0.953 |
| Physical weakness n (%) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 1 |
| Thirst n (%) | 7 (5.8) | 5 (8.5) | 2 (3.3) | 0.491 |
| Diarrhea n (%) | 47 (39.2) | 28 (45.2) | 19 (32.8) | 0.229 |
| Nausea n (%) | 4 (3.3) | 3 (4.8) | 1 (1.7) | 0.659 |
| Anorexia n (%) | 53 (44.2) | 29 (46.8) | 24 (41.4) | 0.681 |
| Malaise n (%) | 70 (58.3) | 41 (66.1) | 29 (50.8) | 0.108 |
| Multivariate analysis No.1 | Multivariate analysis No.2 | Multivariate analysis No.3 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI lower-upper |
p-value | OR | 95% CI lower-upper |
p-value | OR | 95% CI lower-upper |
p-value | |||
| Expectoration | 2.36 | 1.070-5.190 | 0.033 | Cough with expectoration | 2.94 | 1.300-6.630 | 0.009 | Pharyngeal pain with expectoration | 2.20 | 0.926-5.200 | 0.074 |
| Nasal congestion | 2.00 | 0.611-6.510 | 0.252 | Nasal congestion | 2.00 | 0.607-6.590 | 0.254 | Nasal congestion | 2.32 | 0.720-7.450 | 0.159 |
| Pharyngeal pain | 1.79 | 0.809-3.980 | 0.151 | Pharyngeal pain | 1.68 | 0.750-3.780 | 0.207 | Dysosmia | 2.36 | 0.760-7.310 | 0.137 |
| Dysosmia | 2.47 | 0.778-7.820 | 0.125 | Dysosmia | 2.23 | 0.698-7.140 | 0.176 | Dysgeusia | 1.75 | 0.566-5.380 | 0.332 |
| Dysgeusia | 1.60 | 0.509-5.030 | 0.422 | Dysgeusia | 1.66 | 0.520-5.300 | 0.392 | Age (years) | 1.02 | 0.991-1.040 | 0.212 |
| Age (years) | 1.01 | 0.989-1.040 | 0.255 | Age (years) | 1.01 | 0.987-1.040 | 0.333 | Sex (men) | 1.18 | 0.573-2.600 | 0.6770 |
| Sex (men) | 1.10 | 0.493-2.480 | 0.807 | Sex (men) | 1.05 | 0.464-2.380 | 0.905 | - | - | - | - |
| This study and references | Country where the research was conducted | Study period | Target group | Number of subjects | Sex (Men) |
Age (years) |
Duration studied (after onset) |
Frequency | Most common symptom | Second most common symptom | Risk factor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Japan | April 2020-August 2021 | Hospitalized | 120 | 50% | 53.5 ± 17.0 | Mean, 34.2 days | 51.70% | Physical weakness: 48.4% | Muscle weakness: 29.0% | Expectoration with cough (in the acute phase) |
| Tokyo iCDC Expert Board Infectious Disease Care Team (5) | Japan | Februar-June 2020 | Hospitalized | 63 | 66.7% | 48.1 ± 18.5 | 14 days | 76% | non | non | non |
| Miyazato et al. (4) | Japan | February-June 2020 | Hospitalized | 63 | 66.7% | 48.1 ± 18.5 | After 60 days | non | Dysosmia: 19% | Reparatory discomfort: 18% | non |
| After 120 days | non | Respiratory discomfort: 11% | Dysosmia: 10% Lassitude: 10% |
||||||||
| Petersen et al. (12) | Faroe Islands | April-June 2020 | Nonhospitalized | 180 | 46.0% | 39.9 (0-3) | Mean, 125 days | 53.0% | Malaise | Weakened sense of smell | non |
| Huang et al. (1) | China | Jan-May 2020 | Hospitalized | 1,733 | 52% | 57 (47-5) | After 6 months | 76% | Fatigue with muscle weakness: 63% | Sleep disturbance: 26% | Old age, female sex, obesity, 5 or more symptoms in the acute phase |
| Taquet et al. (16) | United States of America | July-December 2020 | COVID-19 infected | 273,618 | 44.4% | 46.3 ± 19.8 | 1-180 days | 57% (including acute-phase symptoms) |
Anxiety/depression: 22.8% | Abnormal respiration: 18.7% | Severe COVID-19, female sex, young adult |
| 90-80 days | 36.5% | Anxiety/depression: 15.5% | Abdominal symptom: 8.3% | ||||||||
| Logue et al. (13) | United States of America | August-November 2020 | Hospitalized (9.0%) Nonhospitalized (84.7%) |
177 | 42.9% | 48.0(18-4) | Mean, > 6 months | 31.1% | Malaise: 13.6% | Dysosmia/dysgeusia: 13.6% | non |
| Peghin et al. (18) | Italy | March-May 2020 | Hospitalized (26.2%) Nonhospitalized (73.7%) |
599 | 46.6% | 53 ± 15.8 | After 6 months | 40.2% (outpatients: 35.5%, inpatients: 53.5%) |
Malaise | Dysosmia/dysgeusia | Female sex, number of symptoms (proportional increase), admitted to the ICU |
| Nehme et al. (14) | Switzerland | March-May 2020 | Nonhospitalized | 410 | 32.9% | 42.7 ± 12.9 | After 7-9 months | 39.0% | Malaise: 20.7% | Dysosmia/dysgeusia: 16.8% | non |
| Liu et al. (2) | China | February-April 2020 | Hospitalized | 502 (traceable) |
46.3% (594 subjects) |
63 (53-68) (594 subjects) |
After 3 months | 51.2% | Insomnia: 16.9% | Tightness of the chest: 15.3% | non |
| 422 (Traceable) |
After 6 months | 40.0% | Chest tightness: 12.6% | Malaise: 6.4% | |||||||
| Huang et al. (17) | China | Jan- May 2020 | Hospitalized | 1,276 | 53% | 59(49-7) | After 6 months | 68% | Malaise or muscle weakness: 52.0% | Sleep disturbance:27.0% | non |
| After 12 months | 49% | Malaise or muscle weakness: 20.0% | Sleep disturbance:17.0% | ||||||||
| Asadi-Pooya et al. (20) | Iran | February 2020-March 2021 | Hospitalized | 2,685 | non | non | 3-6 months | 66% | Fatigue: 32% | Exercise intolerance: 26% | non |
| 1,996 | 6-12 months | 57.1% | Fatigue: 25% | Exercise intolerance: 20% |
